Maximum efficiency

The highly exothermic nature of the butane-to-maleic anhydride reaction and the principal by-product reactions require substantial heat removal from the reactor. Thus the reaction is carried out in what is effectively a large multitubular heat exchanger which circulates a mixture of 53% potassium nitrate [7757-79-1/, KNO 40% sodium nitrite [7632-00-0], NaN02 and 7% sodium nitrate [7631-99-4], NaNO. Reaction tube diameters are kept at a minimum 25—30 mm in outside diameter to faciUtate heat removal. Reactor tube lengths are between 3 and 6 meters. The exothermic heat of reaction is removed from the salt mixture by the production of steam in an external salt cooler. Reactor temperatures are in the range of 390 to 430°C. Despite the rapid circulation of salt on the shell side of the reactor, catalyst temperatures can be 40 to 60°C higher than the salt temperature. The butane to maleic anhydride reaction typically reaches its maximum efficiency (maximum yield) at about 85% butane conversion. Reported molar yields are typically 50 to 60%. 

Detector Resolution Efficiency Maximum count rate in single-pulse technique (kHz)... 

The best alkylation efficiencies of DPGE were obtained with benzyltrimethyl- and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. To explore the effect of the variation of A/HEC ratio on DPGE alkylation efficiency, experiments were conducted at varying A/HEC ratios (see Figure 3). The alkylation efficiency maximum occurs between about 0.25 and 0.50 A/HEC molar ratio. The observed alkylation efficiencies of DPGE with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide were comparable to the alkylation efficiencies with benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide. 

Open-loop systems have inherently long residence times which may be detrimental if the retentate is susceptible to degradation by shear or microbiological contamination. A feed-bleed or closed-loop configuration is a one-stage continuous membrane system. At steady state, the upstream concentration is constant at Cj (Fig. 9). For concentration, a single-stage continuous system is the least efficient (maximum membrane area). 

Solar intensity PV efficiency Maximum PV rating Required peak capacity area of PV panels... 

Capella-Peiro et al. (28) used a 3 full factorial design to optimize the capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separation of a group of seven antihistamines (brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine, cyproheptadine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, hydroxyzine, and loratadine). In this case, critical parameters such as pH (a concentration of 20 mM phosphate was kept constant in all the experiments) and the applied voltage were studied to evaluate their effect on the resolution and efficiency. Maximum response was achieved at pH 2.0 and an applied voltage of 5 kV. After a repeatability study to check the precision of the electrophoretic method, as well as a suitable calibration, the usefulness of this optimized method was demonstrated through the determination of the listed histamines in pharmaceuticals, urine, and serum samples (recoveries were in agreement with the stated contents). Urine samples were diluted and directly injected in the CE system, while serum samples were previously extracted by means of a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure. 

The more rapid initial drying obtained with the higher hydrogen flowrate resulted in a more rapid temperature rise and vaporization of liquid and subsequent pore emptying. Similar results were reported by Watson and Harold (1993). However, the heat transfer coefiBcient is also enhanced, allowing the bed to remove heat more efficiently. Maximum temperatures differ in less than 20 C. 

Fig. 6a. Again we note a rapid satnration of the extinction efficiency maximum and its position with the increase in nmnber of conjugates, i.e. the length of chain. For x-polarized incident light, a noticeable red shift exists from 500 to 700 imi, whereas for j-polarization, a small blue shift is observed.

The transfer of analyte from one phase to another in liquid-liquid extraction is achieved at the interface between the two immiscible phases. With appropriate agitation of the phases, mass transport within the two phases is of minor importance for the transfer efficiency. Maximum exposure of the phase interface is therefore pursued in batch extractions by vigorous shaking, resulting in the formation of highly dispersed droplets of one phase in the other. However, such conditions are not achievable in continuous flow systems such as FIA. Nevertheless, in most cases phase transfer factors of... 

EQE for P3HT PCBM solar cells for two types of active layers Slow- and fast-grown. The efficiency maximum for the slow-grown film is -63% which is more than three times that of the fast-grown film (-19%). 

Type (Specific) Maximum strain (%) Maximum pressure (MPa) Specific elastic energy density (j Elastic energy density (J cm ) Coupling efficiency (%) Maximum efficiency (%) Specific density Relative speed (full cycle) Ref. 

When resources are abundant, systems that are able to maximize resource throughput prevail, no matter their efficiency. Maximum efficiency is not always the best strategy for survival. Only when resources are scarce, systems self-organize to achieve maximum output by increasing efficiency. They therefore choose different thermodynamic strategies depending on external constraints and available resources. 

Sayle RA, Batista JJ, Grant A (2013) An efficient maximum common subgraph(MCS) searching oflaige chemical databases. J Cheminformat 5(1) 015... 

In Table 2-17, important criteria for the selection of column internals are listed. Technical considerations include separation efficiency, maximum loading and pressure drop. To date, it has not been possible to... 

Using Eq. (2.8) for the reversible work, one can calculate the maximum thermal efficiency (maximum work for given energy input) of a fuel cell or fuel cell hybrid (fuel cell and heat engine) systan for the H2 oxidation reaction, where AH" is... 

When the supply chain is particularly long and extends through many partners, the results are predictable — failure with what would otherwise have been a very successful roll out. CRM demands a successful and dynamic relationship between those responsible for generating the new revenues and those responsible for fulfilling the generated expectations. Simply put, that means an alliance between efforts to optimize plant and labor efficiency (maximum quality and minimum cost) with sales and marketing effectiveness (flexibility and satisfaction). In some cases, a third party can play a very important role in that integration. 

An analysis of the diagram shows that the HTW gasifier and the INQ concept are able to follow the elevated cold gas efficiency area due to its operation at dry ash conditions. Furthermore, they can approach the cold gas efficiency maximum. 

Analyzing the advanced systems in Figure 7.14b, it can be seen that the Shell and Siemens systems stay at the same level, whereas for all other concepts, the capability for high ash contents is improved and the sensitivity to ash content is mitigated. The INCI concept, in particular, experiences a broad cold gas efficiency maximum between 10 and 40wt%(wf) ash, which is explained in detail in Chapter 9. 

Maintain maximum energy efficiency, maximum utilization of raw materials, and minimum generation of pollutants by employing computerized control systems... 

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