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Nuclear fuel industry applications

As a result, many nuclear and industrial applications have been developed for zirconium and its alloys. These applications include fuel cladding and pressure tubes for nuclear reactors, process equipment for the CPI, superconducting materials, battery alloys, hydrogen storage alloys, ordnance applications, implant materials, and consumer goods. [Pg.617]

Table 2.1 lists specific radionuclides that may be present in nuclear fuel rods or industrial sources used to construct a dirty bomb. It also lists the radiological half-lives of each radionuclide, whether they are present in fresh or spent fuel rods, and their potential industrial applications. Note that the actual suites of isotopes for given fuel rods will vary depending on the origin and composition of the original fuel mixture. The uranium and plutonium isotopes found in fuel rods may also be found... [Pg.64]

A recent and extremely important development lies in the application of the technique of liquid extraction to metallurgical processes. The successful development of methods for the purification of uranium fuel and for the recovery of spent fuel elements in the nuclear power industry by extraction methods, mainly based on packed, including pulsed, columns as discussed in Section 13.5 has led to their application to other metallurgical processes. Of these, the recovery of copper from acid leach liquors and subsequent electro-winning from these liquors is the most extensive, although further applications to nickel and other metals are being developed. In many of these processes, some form of chemical complex is formed between the solute and the solvent so that the kinetics of the process become important. The extraction operation may be either a physical operation, as discussed previously, or a chemical operation. Chemical operations have been classified by Hanson(1) as follows ... [Pg.722]

The second part deals with applications of solvent extraction in industry, and begins with a general chapter (Chapter 7) that involves both equipment, flowsheet development, economic factors, and environmental aspects. Chapter 8 is concerned with fundamental engineering concepts for multistage extraction. Chapter 9 describes contactor design. It is followed by the industrial extraction of organic and biochemical compounds for purification and pharmaceutical uses (Chapter 10), recovery of metals for industrial production (Chapter 11), applications in the nuclear fuel cycle (Chapter 12), and recycling or waste treatment (Chapter 14). Analytical applications are briefly summarized in Chapter 13. The last chapters, Chapters 15 and 16, describe some newer developments in which the principle of solvent extraction has or may come into use, and theoretical developments. [Pg.31]

Although the PUREX process is regarded as a well-matured chemical technology in the nuclear industry, owing to its complex chemistry, high radiation field, evolution of the fuels to be processed (i.e., extended high burn-up and MOX fuel), safety and economical issues, and its principal position in establishing the nuclear fuel cycle, both fundamental and application studies have been continued. [Pg.6]

The INET annular centrifugal contactors are being used to partition high-level liquid waste so that the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle can be simplified. In particular, the TRPO process has been developed at INET for this application (Song, 2000), where TRPO is the extractant in the process solvent. Also known as Cyanex 923, TRPO is a trialkyl phosphine oxide that is made commercially by Cytec Industries (formerly American Cyanamid). It has a high affinity for the actinides. Further... [Pg.611]

SOLVENT extraction (liquid-liquid extraction) is the separation and/or concentration of the components of a solution by distribution between two immiscible liquid phases. A particularly valuable feature is its power to separate mixtures into components according to their chemical type. Solvent extraction is widely used in the chemical industry. Its applications range from hydrometallurgy, e.g., reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, to fertilizer manufacture and from petrochemicals to pharmaceutical products. Important factors in industrial extraction are the selection of an appropriate solvent and the design of equipment most suited to the process requirements. [Pg.482]

Carbonates. Actinide carbonate complexes are of interest not only because of their fundamental chemistry and environmental behavior (150), but also because of extensive industrial applications, primarily in uranium recovery from ores and nuclear fuel reprocessing. [Pg.327]

In real-world applications, the importance of interfaces is hard to overestimate and three chapters are devoted to the effects of radiation at aqueous-solid boundaries. Jonsson focuses on applications within the nuclear industry where basic studies on radiation effects at water-metal interfaces have enabled a proposal for safe storage of spent nuclear fuel. Also with implications for the nuclear industry, Musat et al. document alterations in the radiation chemistry of liquid water confined on the nanoscale. Such nanoconfmed solutions are prevalent in the media proposed and indeed in use for waste storage. In another application, radiation chemistry has successfully been used to produce nanoscale objects such as metallic clusters and nanoparticles, an area summarized by Remita and Remita. [Pg.619]

Tri- -butyl phosphate is the work horse of the nuclear industry and is being used at various stages of nuclear fuel cycle. Apart from alkyl phosphates, tri-alkyl phosphine oxides are also used in many plant scale operations as well as in laboratory scale analytical separations. Minimizing their inventory in such separations through SLM methods though professed has not found industrial scale applications. Some of the laboratory scale applications of alkyl phosphates and tri-alkyl phosphine oxides as carriers in SLM will be discussed in this section (Table 31.7). [Pg.897]

Radioactive wastes are generated in the following activities generation of electric power from nuclear fuel applications of radioisotopes in medicine, industry, and research and dismantling of nuclear and radioactive installations. With respect to waste volume and specific activity, the activities that generate the highest amounts of waste are those related to electric power generation. [Pg.920]

Carbonates. Hexavalent actinide carbonates have been very thoroughly studied by a variety of solution and solid state techniques. These complexes are of interest not only because of their fundamental chemistry and environmental behavior, but also because of extensive industrial applications, such as in uranium mining and nuclear fuel production and reprocessing. Uranyl carbonates are very soluble, very stable, and can be readily precipitated to produce powders suitable for industrial scale transformations. [Pg.271]

The 1960s were marked by increasing interest of nuclear industry in volatile compounds of metals. Not to mention UF6, which had been exploited from the mid-1940s. Much effort was devoted to developments in the fluoride reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. At that time, transition metals like Zr, Nb and Ta found many applications in nuclear industry. Some technologies for the extraction of these elements from ores and for the production of pure metals were based on the use of... [Pg.3]

Lanthanide halides are used in a number of applications ranging from lighting to catalysis, through pyrochemical reprocessing of nuclear fuel. However, many of these industrial processes are still under development due to relatively little knowledge of the properties and the behavior of systems used. [Pg.38]

In the nuclear industry one of the main applications of colloid technology is in the handling and reprocessing of radioactive waste, where the problems are mainly concerned with the flocculation and separation of particulate radioactive materials. A second application is that of the sol-gel process to the preparation of nuclear fuel in the form of spherical particles of uniform size. [Pg.199]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.225 , Pg.292 , Pg.297 , Pg.299 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.225 , Pg.292 , Pg.297 , Pg.299 ]




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