Feed products

Total co-product volume amounts to about one-third of the total mill output. Most is sold as animal feed ingredients, except for the com oil and a small amount of steep liquor used in antibiotic fermentation media.244 The composition, nutritional values, and animal feeding uses have been thoroughly described by Schroder and Heiman.245 Listed in the approximate order of volume of sales, the major feed by-products are briefly described as follows. 

Corn germ meal (21% protein) is the dried residue left from oil recovery from germ. It has high absorbency for liquids, such as molasses and tallow, but the primary use is as an ingredient in com gluten feed. 

Corn starch molasses is the concentrated mother liquor remaining from dextrose crystallization. It is used with cane molasses in cattle feeding regimes. 

Concentrated steep liquor is officially identified for feeding purposes as Condensed corn fermentation extractives. This product carries 25% protein content at 48% moisture. Its only feeding use is as an ingredient in liquid feeds for cattle, but it is also an excellent nitrogen source in nutrient media for antibiotic production.244 

Corn bran is the dried fiber fraction. The protein content is about 10%. Its only use is in beef or dairy cattle feeds. A purified form of com fiber has been offered to the food industry for use in high fiber food products.246 

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Because there is a mixture of FEED, PRODUCT, and BYPRODUCT in the reactor effluent, an additional separator is required. 

As with distillation, the dominant heating and cooling duties associated with an evaporator are the vaporization and condensation duties. As with distillation, there will he other duties associated with the evaporator for heating or cooling of feed, product, and condensate streams. These sensible heat duties will usually be small in comparison with the latent heat changes. 

In general, many species of algae have cell walls resistant to digestive enzymes, dark colors, and bitter flavor. AH of these characteristics must be altered to make an acceptable food or feed product. 

Sorbic acid and its potassium salt, collectively called sorbates, are used primarily in a wide range of food and feed products (63) and to a lesser extent in certain cosmetics (64), pharmaceuticals, and tobacco products. There are limited appHcations of the calcium and sodium salts, but the acid and its potassium salt are used almost exclusively. 

Chromatographic separation of diluted molasses streams into a high purity fraction suitable for concentration and crystallization and a second low purity by-product, which can be concentrated and sold as an animal feed product, has been employed in Finland since the 1970s and in the United States since the mid-1980s. Since the early 1990s, production of sugar from beet molasses has almost tripled, and the trend is expected to continue for the next two years to consume most of the domestic beet molasses (Fig. 7) (3,9). 

Vitamin A is manufactured by Hoffmaim-La Roche (Switzerland), BASF (Germany), and Rhc ne-Poulenc (France), as well as by some smaller suppliers in India, China, and Russia. The worldwide production is estimated to be 2500 to 3000 metric tons. About three-quarters of this production is for animal feed the remainder is for food fortification and pharmaceuticals (qv). The main trade names of feed products are Rovimix, Lutavit, and Microvit. Prices depend on appHcation forms and are approximately 60— 70/10 lU retinol (1995) ie, 200— 233/10 RE. One lU is equivalent to 0.300 )lg of aH-Zra/ j -retinol and 1 RE is equivalent to 1 ) g of all-retinol. 

Reversible Processes. Distillation is an example of a theoretically reversible separation process. In fractional distillation, heat is introduced at the bottom stiUpot to produce the column upflow in the form of vapor which is then condensed and turned back down as Hquid reflux or column downflow. This system is fed at some intermediate point, and product and waste are withdrawn at the ends. Except for losses through the column wall, etc, the heat energy spent at the bottom vaporizer can be recovered at the top condenser, but at a lower temperature. Ideally, the energy input of such a process is dependent only on the properties of feed, product, and waste. Among the diffusion separation methods discussed herein, the centrifuge process (pressure diffusion) constitutes a theoretically reversible separation process. 

The minimum number of trays necessary to debutanize the effluent from an alkylation reactor will be calculated. The feed, products, and vapor-liquid equilibrium costants of the key components at conditions of temperature and pressure corresponding to the top tray and reboiler are shown in Table 8-1. 

The raw mass balance should be reported, including the error. Then the feed/products should be normalized to 100%. The error will be distributed in proportion to flow rates or a known inaccurate meter will be adjusted. 

As with troubleshooting, a proper debottlenecking exercise must consider the effects of feedstock, catalyst, operating conditions, mechanical hardware, environmental issues, and the ability of the rest of the refinery to handle the additional feed/product rates and quality. 

Stream Time, hrs CGR Ratio Mixed Feed, % Product Gas Analysis,a %... 

The MRLs are derived from data from supervised residue trials that are generally carried out in the context of food production. Specific conditions of feed production are not considered. Therefore, many practical problems for the official control of feed must be solved in future, e.g., application of transfer factors and the calculation of MRLs for mixed feed. 

The FFDCA governs the establishment of pesticide tolerance for food and feed products. A tolerance is the maximum level of pesticide residues allowed in or on human food and animal feed. ... 

Sugar made from either sugar beets or sugarcane is a perfectly acceptable product. However, the molasses produced from these crops is quite different molasses from sugar beets is an animal feed product, whereas molasses from sugarcane is marketed as a human food known as blackstrap molasses. 

Polymeric formulas typically have low osmolality of 300 to 500 mOsm/kg. These formulas also usually supply essential vitamins and minerals in amounts similar to the Adequate Intakes or Recommended Dietary Allowances for these nutrients when the formula is delivered in amounts adequate to meet the macronutrient requirements of most patients. Many polymeric formulas are inexpensive relative to oligomeric formulas. Most polymeric formulas are lactose-free and gluten-free, as are most modern tube feeding products. Products designed to be used as oral supplements generally are polymeric and often have sucrose or other simple sugars added to improve taste. 

As mentioned earlier, both MCTs and LCTs are used in tube feeding products. Corn, soy, and safflower oils have been the mainstay sources of fat in these products, providing mainly co-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). On the other hand, some newer EN products contain higher quantities of co-3 PUFAs from sources such as fish oil [i.e., docosahexenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentenoic acid or (EPA)]. Still other formulas contain higher quantities of monounsaturated fatty acids from canola oil and high-oleic safflower or sunflower oils. The essential fatty acid (EFA) content (mainly linoleic acid) of EN... 

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