Corn bran

The heteroxylans (CHX) present in cereals, seeds, gum exudates, and mucilages are structurally more complex [6]. They have a (1 4)-)0-d-xylopyranose backbone decorated, except of the single uronic acid and arabinosyl residues with various mono- and oligoglycosyl side chains. Reinvestigations of CHX isolated from corn bran [52] have confirmed that the xylan backbone is heavily substituted (at both positions 2 and 3) with y0-D-Xylp, y0-L-Ara/, of-D-GlcpA residues and oligosaccharide side chains (1), (3) and (4). 

Seven diets were constructed from purified natural ingredients obtained from either C3 (beet sugar, rice starch, cottonseed oil, wood cellulose, Australian Cohuna brand casein, soy protein or wheat gluten for protein) or C4 foodwebs (cane sugar, corn starch, com oil, processed corn bran for fiber, Kenya casein for protein) supplemented with appropriate amounts of vitamins and minerals (Ambrose and Norr 1993 Table 3a). The amino acid compositions of wheat gluten and soy protein differ significantly from that of casein (Ambrose and Norr 1993). 

Diet Codes rwb = red wheat bran wwb = white wheat bran cb = corn bran rb = rice bran pf = psyllium fiber p = pectin c cellulose... 

Corn bran and hull replaced xylose as inducer of glucose (xylose) isomerase in Streptomyces pjiaeochwmogenius. 

Hemicellulose (fed as a high hemicellulose corn bran) also protects rats against DMH-induced colon tumors, but the effect seems to disappear with time (21). Thus, there was a significant protective effect in rats killed one month after the final DMH injection (33 vs. 73 incidence) but not in rats killed 9 months after the final DMH injection (62 vs. 76 incidence). Fisher rats fed semipurified diets containing cellulose, hemicellulose or lignin showed 100, 50, and 70 incidence, respectively, of DMH-induced colon tumors (22). 

Corn bran is the dried fiber fraction. The protein content is about 10%. Its only use is in beef or dairy cattle feeds. A purified form of com fiber has been offered to the food industry for use in high fiber food products.246... 

Gawalko and coworkers elucidated the characteristics of closed-vessel and focused open-vessel MW sample preparation techniques for the subsequent determination of Cd, Cu, and Pb, and Se in wheat, wheat products, corn bran, and rice flour by ET-AAS with transverse-heated graphite furnace [23]. Both techniques were evaluated using a total of 15 CRMs for the three food types. In the case of rice, these were the NIES 10a, 10b, and 10c Rice Flour and the NRC Rice Flour. The two techniques were equivalent in terms of agreement with the certified figures. Up to 12 samples could be processed with the closed system with minimal amounts of acid and reduced risk of contamination. Larger masses of samples could be treated by the open-vessel system. 

E. J. Gawalko, T. W. Nowicki, J. Babb, R. Tkachuk, Comparison of closed-vessel and focused open-vessel microwave dissolution for determination of cadmium, copper, lead, and selenium in wheat, wheat products, corn bran, and rice flour by transverse-heated graphite furnace atom, Int. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 80 (1997), 379-387. 

Constituent Rice Bran Polish Wheat Bran Corn Bran Barley Bran Rye Bran Oat Bran Shorts Sorghum Bran Millet Bran... 

Supercritical fluid technology has also been investigated for the enrichment of minor oil components. SFE coupled with supercritical fluid chromatography has been investigated for the enrichment of ferulate phytosterol esters from corn bran... 

Moreau, R.A., Singh, V., Eckhoff, S.R., Powell, M.J., Hicks, K.B. and Norton, R.A. (1999a) A comparison of the yield and composition of oil extracted from corn fiber and corn bran. Cereal... 

Corn Bran 186 (Agriculture Canada) Cr Digest with HNO3 Irradiate 12 h, decay 3 weeks spike with Cr (III), digest with HNO3/HCIO4, extract, ion exchange, count 14 h [WDC-SEP/CONC-RNAA] [WDC-SEP/ CONC-RNAA] Woittiez et al. (1993)... 

Honig, D.H. J.J. Rackis. Determination of the total pepsin-pancreatin indigestible content (dietary fiber) of soybean products, wheat bran, and corn bran. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1979, 27. 1262-1266. 

Phytic acid (Figure 4.3) is the hexaphosphoric ester of me o-inositol. The affinity of ferric iron for phosphoric anions, already described in connection with the ferric casse mechanism, is responsible for calcium phytate s effectiveness in eliminating iron from red wines. Under these conditions, phytic acid produces a mixed calcium-iron salt, known as Calciphos, with the following composition Ca, 20%, P, 14% and Fe +, 2%. This mixed salt is not very soluble in water and easily precipitates, thus eliminating the excess ferric iron. Phytic acid is very widespread in plants. It acts as a phosphorus reserve, located in the seed coat, i.e. in wheat, rice and corn bran. Wheat bran may be used directly to eliminate iron from wine. 

Commonly used substrates used for solid state fermentation are Wheat Corn Bran, Soya, Rice, Sugar beet pulp. Tapioca residue, com cobs etc. Wheat bran is used most commonly for industrial enzyme production, followed by beet- pulp. 

Smith-Barbaro a. (26) in our laboratory determined the capacity of various fibers to bind the colon carcinogen 1.2-di-methylhydrazlne (DMH) in vitro. The percent of DMH bound to wheat bran, corn bran, alfalfa fiber and dehydrated citrus pulp was dependent on pH of the medium as well as the type of fiber examined. Results from this study show that at colonic pH, a greater percent of DMH was bound by wheat bran than by citrus pulp. Therefore, it is possible that certain fibers bind carcinogen at colonic pH, thus making it unavailable for contact with the colonic mucosa. Other fibers such as pectin (soluble fiber) do not bind DMH at colonic pH, but may modify the metabolism of carcinogen via actlvation/deactlvatlon steps either in the liver and/or in the colonic mucosa. 

Parameter Psyll- ium Cellu- lose Pectin Wheat Bran Rice Bran Corn Bran None... 

Protein Intake was 65 g/subject/day during all periods except when bran supplements were used. Amount of additional protein/ subject/day during these periods were as follows wheat bran, 2.01 corn bran, 2.93 and rice bran, 2.62. 

In the current project, the cellulose fraction in feces was Increased only when the cellulose supplement was given. Numerically, the feeding of psyllium resulted in some Increase in this fraction but not at the statistically significant level. Hemlcellulose content of feces was significantly increased as a result of feeding psyllium however, these values were not as high as those achieved when wheat bran or corn bran was fed. 

In the present series of studies, blood serum lipids were determined by a commercial laboratory (Stat Laboratory, Wichita, Kansas). Blood cholesterol levels of subjects were lower when subjects received the experimental diets than when subjects consumed their self-selected diets- The mean cholesterol level of subjects while on the self-selected diets was 193 mg/dl and while receiving the controlled diet alone or with psyllium, cellulose, pectin, wheat bran, rice bran or corn bran were 172, 158, 168,... 

Cellulose, Xylan, Corn Bran, and Pectin in the Human Digestive Process... 

Acid hydrolysis of hitman fecal samples collected after Ingestion of different dietary fibers produced monosaccharides that were related to the fibers Ingested. Dietary fibers studied In five normal male subjects were cellulose, xylan, corn bran and pectin. Increases In monosaccharides In recovered hydrolyzed feces from fiber diets compared to those from the fiber-free diet were galactose for the pectin diet xylose and glucose for the cellulose diet xylose and mannose for the xylan diet and arablnose, xylose, galactose and glucose for the corn bran diet. Comparison of the fecal results to those for the Intact food fibers showed that fermentation of fiber components In the colon was different for each fiber. 

During the test, dietary fiber was provided with each meal. Alphacel, xylan, and pectin were fed at 0.5g/kg body weight per day. Corn bran was considered to be approximately 80% dietary fiber and was fed at 0.6g/kg body weight. Each fiber was consumed as a pudding containing other dietary constituents. The remaining dietary constituents were consumed as a milkshake style drink. 

The composition of dietary fibers fed In this study as determined by TFA hydrolysis are shown In Table II. The Alphacel contained 11% hydrolyzable sugars, the xylan 77% and the corn bran 60%. The small amount of xylose recovered from the Alphacel Is most likely from hemlcellulose present In the original wood... 

Xylan and Corn Bran. The xylan and com bran fibers were mainly hemlcellulose and contained more complex mixtures of hydrolyzable monosaccharides than the other fiber sources. It was of some Interest to consider the results from the hydrolysis of fecal samples from these diets In an alternate manner. The data were replotted to show monosaccharides recovered as percent of the amount fed for each subject. (Figures 6 and 7). For comparison the composition of the original fiber Is shown on the extreme left as percent dry weight of the fiber. 

Corn bran has a large xylose to arablnose ratio of 1.8. Recovery of these sugars In the feces was the highest of any of the fibers fed. The xylose to arablnose ratio was eilso close to that In the bran fed, ranging from 1.5-1.7. Galactose, while In quite small amounts, survived In roughly the same... 

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