Animal feed production Solubles

Alkali AletalIodides. Potassium iodide [7681-11-0] KI, mol wt 166.02, mp 686°C, 76.45% I, forms colorless cubic crystals, which are soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. KI is used in animal feeds, catalysts, photographic chemicals, for sanitation, and for radiation treatment of radiation poisoning resulting from nuclear accidents. Potassium iodide is prepared by reaction of potassium hydroxide and iodine, from HI and KHCO, or by electrolytic processes (107,108). The product is purified by crystallization from water (see also Feeds and feed additives Photography). 

Condensed molasses solubles (CMS) is a product made by drying molasses (spray or dmm drying) on a neutral carrier CMS is a more portable and storable form of molasses for animal feed. 

Recovery of valuable products from penicillin, riboflavin, streptomycin, and vitamin B12 fermentation has been recommended as a viable waste control strategy when incorporated into animal feeds or supplements. Penicillin wastes, when recovered for animal feed, are reported to contain valuable growth factors, mycelium, and likewise evaporated spray-dried soluble matter [31,32,34]. 

Milk contains significant concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins (Table 3.5, Figure 3.4) and milk and dairy products make a significant contribution to the dietary requirements for these vitamins in Western countries. The actual form of the fat-soluble vitamins in milk appears to be uncertain and their concentration varies widely with breed of animal, feed and stage of lactation, e.g. the vitamin A activity of colostrum is c. 30 times higher than that of mature milk. 

Increased utilization of fermentation will mean a host of new biosolids (cell mass solids and fermentation solubles) which will need to be utilized. The logical use of these biosolids is as an animal feed,288 but animal feed use will require greater control of plant operations to ensure consistent quality products acceptable to the livestock industry. Because each facility will have a different mixture of fermentation products, it will not be possible for all facilities to produce the same set of livestock... 

Defluorinated Phosphate Rock. There is substantial production of defluorinated phosphate rock for fertilizer use in Japan (about 100,000 mt/year). Ground, high-grade rock is mixed with small proportions of sodium carbonate or sulfate and wet-process acid. The mixture is calcined at a temperature of 1350°C in an oil-fired rotary kiln 45.0 m in length and 2.7 m in diameter. The product contains 38-42 percent P205 of which more than 90 percent is soluble in neutral ammonium nitrate solution and is an effective fertilizer on acid soils. During the production of defluorinated phosphate rock, substantially all fluorine is driven off. Sodium bifluoride (NaHF2) is recovered as a byproduct. A similar product is made in the United States, but it is mainly used for animal feed supplement. 

Over 300 million people worldwide now consume optimally fluoridated water. The U.S. Public Health Service has established recommended levels for fluoride concentrations in water supplies in accordance with mean annual temperatures. The daily intake of fluoride not only comes from drinking water but also from food consumed or prepared with fluoridated water. Also, crops are frequently fertilized with phosphate fertilizers of high soluble-fluoride content, and food products including bone in animal feeds contain fluoride. 

Quinones and, in particular, naphthoquinone derivatives are industrially valuable products for further processing and for direct use due to their pronounced bioactivity [la,b], 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, vitamin K3 ( menadione ), is the basis of the vitamin K group (coagulation vitamins). The skeleton of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone is common to all fat-soluble K vitamins. Derivatives of vitamin K promote the formation of prothrombin and other blood coagulation factors. They are used on an industrial scale as supplement in animal feed, but are also employed in the treatment of Melaena neonatorum in newborn babies. Trimethyl-p-benzoquinone is a key compound for the synthesis of vitamin E, active as antioxidant agent. As an example, the current method of the production of trimethyl-p-benzoquinone on an industrial scale is p-sulfo-nation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol followed by stoichiometric oxidation using Mn02 [Ic]. 

Feed additives are useful dosage forms for treating large numbers of animals simultaneously. Cattle, poultry, and swine are the main species to receive feed additives. The dosage forms include solid powders, which are mixed with feeds and liquids that are mixed in the feeds. Products that can be placed into the drinking systems could also be classified as feed additives. They would usually be a solution but could be a soluble powder that is reconstituted before being added to the drinking system. 

Easily Soluble ( Instant ) Products The manufacturing of easily soluble, instant granules is one of the oldest and most thoroughly researched applications of engineered products. The term instant is normally used in the food industry and related fields, such as pharmaceuticals and animal feeds, to describe characteristics of drink powders (including coffee, tea milk, milk replacers, soft drinks, vitamins, medicated powders, etc.), soups, sauces and the like. Instant agglomerates are also desirable for pigments and other chemicals that are ultimately dissolved in a diluent. 

As briefly discussed in Section 5.4, the term instant is normally used in the food industry, for drink powders, soups, sauces, and the like, as well as in related fields, for example for pharmaceuticals and animal feeds, and describes the easy solubility of these products. Instant agglomerates are also desirable for pigments and other finely divided chemicals which are ultimately applied with and in a diluent. Many of these materials are insoluble and, therefore, only require complete dispersion. All instant products must be able to quickly disperse and, if applicable, dissolve in a specific liquid at any temperature, particularly also at ambient or even cold conditions, without residue and sediment. 

Efforts have been expended to develop processes for hydrolyzing the carbohydrates in these wood residues, to recover the solubles, and to concentrate them to a molasses for supplementary animal feed (16), Generally, these processes are not economical. A large producer of dense fiberboard, faced with the problem of disposing the 20% solubles resulting from the board production, learned how to convert these pollution-producing solubles into a highly acceptable and profitable cattle feed (43). 

Production of animal glue is considered as environmentally friendly , since it involves conversion of unpleasant waste into useful products, but economic operation depends on satisfactory disposal of residues some of these are used as slow-release nitrogenous fertilizers. The mineral residue from bone glue production ( bone meal ) by thermal methods is used as a phosphate supplement in animal feed and fertilizers it is also calcined at 1000-1200 °C to produce calcined bone, used in the manufacture of bone china to provide strength and translucency. Animal glues and technical gelatins contain added preservatives and a proportion of non-protein materials, usually mucopolysaccharides and soluble inorganic salts. These impurities differ with the source of raw material. 

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the dominant microorganism in the first generation of fuel ethanol production. In recent years, the worldwide bioethanol production reached around 80 billion liters per year. In a typical industrial scale bioethanol fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, around 8-14% (v/v) ethanol is produced and the glucose to bioethanol yield is usually over 90% of the theoretical yield. In some processes, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation is applied, in which a-amylase/glucoa-mylase is mixed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and starchy raw materials. Most of yeast cells harvested in the fermentation are recycled and sent back in order to enhance the cell concentration in the fermenter. Around 5-10% yeast cells end up in Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS), which could be sold as animal feed. 

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