Animal health products feed additives

The market for animal health products is estimated to be over 2 billion in the U.S, and nearly as much in Western Europe Antibiotics dominate the animal health market, and feed additives account for about 50% of that market. 

After the United States, Japan is the second largest consumer of animal health products. In 1990, 110 feed additives were approved for use in Japan and production reached 78,000 tons estimated to be worth 60,000 million yen. 

Only three dalbaheptides are commercialized vancomycin (39) and teicoplanin (18—22) for human health, and avoparcin (63—65) for animal usage. Vancomycin, the main trademark of which is EH Lilly s Vancocin had 1990 sales around 160 million. Total annual production is in the vicinity of 8 t. Teicoplanin, trademarked Targocid, had 1990 sales of 35 million corresponding to 200 kg. Teicoplanin is commercialized in Europe, Hong Kong, Korea, and the Middle East. It is at the late developmental clinical phase in North America and Japan. Avoparcin is used as a growth promoting feed additive (see... 

Agriculture. Most forages provide insufficient sodium for animal feeding and may lack adequate chloride. Thus salt supplementation is a critical part of a nutritionally balanced diet for animals. In addition, because animals have a definite appetite for salt, it can be used as a deflvery mechanism to ensure adequate intake of less palatable nutrients and as a feed limiter. Salt is an excellent carrier for trace minerals. Salt, either in loose form or as compressed blocks, can be mixed with feed or fed free-choice to improve animal health and productivity (see Feeds and feed additives). 

Medicinal products, cosmetics, explosives, nx)tective chemicals (sUmicides and wood preservatives), pesticides, foodstuffs, food additives, animal feed and feed additives, fertilisers, wastes and chemicals in transit are exempt from the notification provisions of the Chemicals Act. Substances supplied at <10 kg a and polymers which contain <2% of a new substance monomer are also exempt from notification, but are subject to the standard reporting to the National Board of Labour Protection if they are classified as toxic or very toxic . Finally, substances sujqdied at <100 kg a for scientific research or for commercial development to a limit number of customers without tonnage restriction for one year only (which may be extended to 2 years) do not have to be notified, but certain relevant information is required by the National Board of Health. 

Data for AMD usage and sales in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) have been supplied by Professor A. R. Peters. BRD is a major cause of reduced productivity and economic loss globally in the United States alone the annual total cost to the cattle industry is estimated to approach 2 billion. In 2005 the total global animal health market was estimated at 17.4 billion. Table 2.19 classifies this on the basis of product category, animal species, and country. Together AMDs and medicated feed additives constitute 27% of the total cattle, pigs, and poultry together make up 56% of the total and the United States as a country takes 36.1% of the total. In 2006 AMD... 

Animals and humans constitute overlapping reservoirs of resistance, and consequently the use of antimicrobials in animals can have an impact on public health. For example, the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in food-animals is associated with the use of avoparcin, a glyco-peptide antibiotic used as a feed additive for the growth promotion of animals. Vancomycin resistant enterococci and vancomycin resistance determinants can therefore spread from animals to humans. The bans on avoparcin and other antibiotics as growth promoters in the EU have provided scientists with a unique opportunity to investigate the effects of the withdrawal of a major antimicrobial with respect to the selective pressure on the occurrence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Data shows that although the levels of resistance in animals and food, and consequently in humans, were markedly reduced after the termination of use, the effects on animal health and productivity were very minor. ° ... 

McEvoy " reviewed the legislative framework controlling the use of veterinary medicines and zootechnical feed additives in the EU. From a contamination perspective, problem compounds include sulfonamides, tetracyclines, nitroimidazoles, nitrofurans, ionophore coccidiostats, and nicarbazin. The literature on each of these was reviewed and examples of interventions to minimize contamination were given. Examples of contaminants include naturally occurring and synthetic toxic enviromnental compounds (e.g. mycotoxins and dioxins) that may contaminate feed raw materials. Zootechnical feed additives and veterinary medicines may also contaminate unmedicated feeding stuffs due to carry over during feed production. Contaminated feed can cause deleterious health effects in the animals and, through secondary exposure of consumers to products derived from these animals, may be harmful to people. 

Organic acids, such as propionic acid, have been used for more than 30 years to reduce bacterial growth and mould in feedstufifs and thus preserve hygienic quality. In feed legislation they are registered as preservatives, but their positive effects on animal health and performance, if they are added to feed in sufficient amounts, are also well documented. Acids used as feed additives are predominantly compounds that naturally occur in cell metabolism, thus they are natural products with low toxicity (Kirchgessner and Roth, 1988). 

In addition to health hazards, several mycotoxins have phytotoxic impacts on host plants and may cause loss of viability and reduced quality of plant seed (Nishiuchi, 2013). Several mycotoxins have antimicrobial activity and thus may also influence the behaviour of other microbes present in the same surrounding. Mycotoxins may have adverse effects on animal health if they are transmitted to sidestreams used as animal feed. Consumption of contaminated batches at farms can lead to reduced livestock productivity and to serious illness or even death (Murphy et al., 2006). Some of the most common mycotoxins associated with foods and beverages are presented in Table 6.2. 

Despite the major interest in the large-volume uses of succinic acid, other new specialty markets of interest should not be ignored. A succinate-based animal feed additive from whey fermentation has been described (Samuelov et al. 1999). The entire fermentation is dried down to a product, which is about one-third succinate, and also contains protein, other organic acids, and salts. Succinate is desirable as a feed additive as it is rapidly converted to propionate, which in the rumen improves efficiency and contributes to the overall health of the animal. 

The most widely available yeast biomass is a by-product of the brewing industry, where the multiplication of yeast during brewing results in a surplus of ceUs. Eor every barrel (117 L) of beer brewed, 0.2—0.3 kg of yeast soHds may be recovered. In the U.S., a substantial fraction is recovered and made available about 40 x 10 kg of brewers yeast aimually. The yeast is recovered from beer by centrifuging and dried on roUer dmms or spray dryers and sold as animal feed or a pet-food supplement. It can be debittered by alkaline extraction to remove the bitter hop residues, and is then sold mainly by the health-food industry. It is available as tablets, powder, or flakes and is often fortified with additional vitamins. Distillers yeast caimot be readily separated from the fermented mash and the mixture is sold as an animal feed supplement. 

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