Essential vitamins

Inhibitors are substances that tend to decrease the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction. Although some act on the substrate, the discussion here will be restricted to those inhibitors which combine directly with the enzyme. Inhibitors have many uses, not only in the determination of the characteristics of enzymes, but also in aiding research into metabolic pathways where an inhibited enzyme will allow metabolites to build up so that they are present in detectable levels. Another important use is in the control of infection where drugs such as sulphanilamides competitively inhibit the synthesis of tetrahydrofolates which are vitamins essential to the growth of some bacteria. Many antibiotics are inhibitors of bacterial protein synthesis (e.g. tetracyclin) and cell-wall synthesis (e.g. penicillin). 

The antipellagra vitamin, essential to many animals for growth and health. In humans, niacin is believed necessary, along with other vitamins, for the prevention and cure of pellagra. It functions in protein and carbohydrate metabolism. As a component of two important enzymes, coenzymes I and II, it functions in glycolysis and tissue respiration. 

Milk contains vitamins essential for the growth and development of young organisms, especially vitamins from the B group and vitamin A. The quantity of vitamin A depends on the season. 

Folic acid (Mr = 441, Fig. 1) is a vitamin essential for de novo nucleotide synthesis and one-carbon metabolism. The ability to acquire folate, therefore, is important to the viability of proliferating cells. 

Copper is recognized as an essential metalloelement like sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, chromium, vanadium and manganese [1]. Like essential amino acids, essential fatty acids and essential cofactors (vitamins), essential metalloelements are required for normal metabolic processes but cannot be synthesized de novo and daily dietary intake and absorption are required. The adult body contains between 1.4 mg (22 pmol) and... 

Glucose is the precursor for the synthesis of an array of other sugars required for the production of specialized compounds, such as lactose, cell surface antigens, nucleotides, or glycosaminoglycans. Glucose is also the fundamental precursor of noncarbohydrate compounds it can be converted to lipids (including fatty acids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones), amino acids, and nucleic acids. Only those compounds that are synthesized from vitamins, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized from glucose in humans. 

Polyhydroxyalkanoates, fructans Vitamins, essential fatty acids Vaccines, therapeutic proteins Ethanol, biodiesel New colors, fragrances Metal ions, aromatic compounds... 

Research into food safety, both microbial and chemical food safety, has been accompanied by a parallel effort to identify, test, and optimize healthy constituents of foods. The interest in chemicals in foods extends beyond traditional areas - vitamins, essential minerals, etc. - to secondary chemicals sometimes termed phytonutrients or neutraceuticals which have positive health benefits including prevention or alleviation of diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimer s disease, cancer, arthritis, and many other diseases. Food producers use this information as a marketing tool. Compounds of interest include phenols/polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and several other classes that function as antioxidants,... 

Beeswax Halogenated compounds Vitamins Essential oils 2(X) C... 

Some data for pyrrole derivatives in beer are given in Table 22.16 and the occurrence of pyridine derivatives is noted in Tables 14.7 and 22.15. One pyridine derivative is noteworthy pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (nicotinic acid) is a B-vitamin essential for human growth. Beer contains 4500-86(X) ppb and about 15(X) ppb of ethyl nicotinate. Traces of the methyl, 3-methylbutyl, and phenethyl esters of nicotinic acid are also present in beer [91]. Ethyl nicotinate and o-aminoacetophenone, also present in beer (10 ppb), have also been associated with stale grainy flavours in beer at 2000 and 5 ppb respectively [92]. The level of some amides in beer is given in Table 22.17 [91]. Most... 

Several arguments may be advanced in support of the thesis that the optimal molecular concentrations of substances normally present In the body may be different from the concentrations provided by the diet and by the gene-controlled synthetic mechanisms of the body, and also, for essential nutrilites, such as vitamins, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids, different from the minimal daily amounts required for life for the average human being or the recommended" daily amounts suggested for good health. 

I believe that the study of the functioning of the brain in its relation to the concentrations and intake of the vitamins, essential amino acids, and other substances normally present in the brain constitutes a field of research in which much more work needs to be done. Biochemical and genetic arguments support the idea that orthomolecular therapy, the provision for the individual human being of the optimal concentrations of important normal constituents of the human body, may be the preferred treatment for many patients, especially those with mild mental retardation or mild psychosis. I suggest that this therapy, to be successful, should involve the thorough study of the individual, and. continued attention to him, such as is customary in psychoanalysis but not in conventional chemotherapy. There is the possibility that analysis of body fluids and tests of the ability of the individual to utilize essential substances may indicate the types of orthomolecular therapy that would be most likely to be effective for the patient. 

Growth factor a growth-stimulating substance. The term is used in two distinct ways 1. nutrients such as vitamins, essential amino acids, essential lipids, inorganic ions, etc. or 2. a variety of non-nutri-ent, mitogenic substances. 

Pyridine and alkylpyridines are found in coal tar. The monomethyl pyridines (called picolines) undergo side-chain oxidation to carboxylic acids (review Sec. 10.7.b). For example, 3-picoline gives nicotinic acid (or niacin), a vitamin essential in the human diet to prevent the disease pellagra. 

The nutritional status and biological role(s) of each of the vitaminlike substances require further clarification indeed, some of them are very controversial. In the meantime, the authors discuss each of them for two primary purposes (1) historical and informational, and (2) stimulation of research. Additionally, cognizance is taken of the fact that there is usually a considerable time lag between the scientific validation and the acceptance of a vitamin, essential nutrient, and/or medical treatment A list of the vitaminlike substances follows ... 

Biosynthesis of a Vitamin Pantothenic Acid. Vitamins are substances that cannot be synthesized by the organism requiring them. Most of the vitamins essential to man are provided by plants. Pantothenic acid, as an example, is formed as shown on page 291. 

Stabilized whole rice bran is rich in protein, lipids, dietary fiber, vitamins, essential minerals, and important nutraceuticals such as phospholipids, choline, inositol, phytosterols, tocols, and tocotrienols. Tocols and tocotrienols are potent antioxidants that reduce the risk of cancers and CVD. The whole rice bran is stabUized in order to denature lipases that cause oxidative rancidity and to protect the intrinsic nutraceutical compounds. The stabilization of the rice bran is usually done by applying heat in an extrnder. The preservation of the oryzanol is of utmost importance because this compound is very effective in promoting cardiovascular health (Hoffpauer 2005). 

The technology of extraction applying supercritical fluids is a viable alternative to conventional methods for extraction of many compounds, among which are vegetable oils, which are a source of a variety of pigments, vitamins, essential fatty acids, and other constituents of high nutritional and functional value that can be preserved more effectively. 

Products containing keratin, vitamins, essential oils, botanical extracts are usually employed for nail care. Ingredients which were used previously, such as formaldehyde or toluene are being replaced by other organic solvents or mixtures (e.g. ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetone, ethanol) that are also able to dissolve lacquers. 

Uses Emulsifier, solubilizer for fat-sol. vitamins, essential oils, and hydrophobic materials in pharmaceuticals (tablets, capsules, orals, topicals, sprays, ointments, creams, lotions, gels, suppositories, transdermal systems) emulsifier, solubilizer for essential oils and perfumery in cosmetics Features Chemically very stable largely insensitive to water hardness Regulatory EP, USP/NF compliance... 

Uses Solubilizer used in a wide variety of oral formulations inci medicated mouthwashes, vitamins, essential oils and pharmaceuticals, baby prods., shampoos and hair prods., shower gels and body washes o/w emulsifier and emulsion solubilizer for fatty acids... 

Uses Carrier for flavors, vitamins, essential oils, colors solubilizer for flavors, vitamins, antibiotics diluent for food colors, essential oils, injectables clouding agent for beverages emollient fat source for nutritional prods. moisture barrier release agent polishing agent Features Min. oil alternative... 

Uses Emuisifier, dispersant, soiubiiizer for internai and external preps., o/w and w/ 0 emulsions, pomades emuisifer for min. oils and fats in o/w emulsions solubilizer for water-insoi. substances, vitamins, essential oils, fragrances, tannins, medicines wetting agent In o/w vise, milks, nonirrilaling gels and shampoos... 

---