Com steep liquor

Fumaric acid can be produced in high yield by several genera of fungi, notably Aspergillus and Rhizopus, using glucose, com steep liquor and other substrates. Large amounts of caldum carbonate have to be added to neutralise the fumaric add. 

The subsequent advance was rather fortuitous and rested more with serendipity than with scientific logic. A search was made for cheaper more effective replacements for casein hydrolysate. Amongst the tested materials was com steep liquor (CSL). CSL is a by-product of the manufacture of starch from maize kemals. Whole maize is incubated in warm water, at 50°C acidified with SO2. Thermophilic bacteria hydrolyse proteins and other components of the kemals, thereby loosening the starch granules. These are removed, leaving behind the steep liquor which is used to treat further maize kemals. Ultimately, the liquor is too viscous to re-use and the liquor is concentrated and used as cattle feed. It was this material that was used for penicillin fermentation. Surprisingly, the yield of penicillin increased by a further 5-10 fold giving yields of 50-100 ig ml. 

In the manufacture of baker s yeast, the stock strain is inoculated into a medium that containing molasses and com steep liquor. The pH of the medium is adjusted to be slightly acidic at pH 4-5. The acidic pH may retard the bacterial growth. The inoculated medium is aerated during the incubation period. At the end, the cells are harvested by centrifuging out the fermentation broth, and they are recovered by filter press. A small amount of vegetable oil is added to act as plasticiser, and then the cell mass is moulded into blocks. The process is shown in Figure 1.2. 

A flow diagram for diluting carbohydrates, com steep liquor and molasses in the mixing tank is shown in Figure 9.4. 

Molasses, com steep liquor, waste product from the sugar industry and wet milling com are used for the production of penicillin. 

Media name Soybean meal-glucose [26] Malt extract [58] Com Steep Liquor [62]... 

X campestris (or by other bacteria) of a medium contg 2.5% glucose, an org N source (such as com steep liquor), K2HPO4, appropriate trace elements, and borax. Thus, 2g Xanthomonas was dissolved with agitation in 198g of a 60.6% aq AN soln at 50°C and 0.2g borax was then added. A gel formed immediately and solidified on standing. Addn of 1 g borax to a soln of 0.8g Xanthomonas in 60% aq AN soln immediately gave a firm, rubbery expl]... 

Microbiological Oxidation. Styrene [100-42-5] can be oxidized to PEA by aerobic culturing with a Pseudomonas bacterium in the appropriate medium (101). For a medium containing peptone, (NH SO Na2HP04 12H20, KH PO MgSO, and com steep liquor, the yield is 2.34 mg/mL. 

Index Entries Immobilized cell biofilm reactor butanol com steep liquor sodium butyrate Clostridium beijerinckii BA101 sodium acetate. 

Thompson et al. (24) also verified that the addition of trace minerals to potato process effluents has little effect on surfactinproductionby B. subtilis ATCC 21332. In fact, the addition of com steep liquor had a detrimental effect on biosurfactant production, whereas the addition of trace minerals had no effect on surface tensions. On the other hand, growth rates were marginally higher with added nutrients. 

Raw materials for the fermentation of ethanol are sugar molasses (Brazil), com steep liquor and corn starch hydrolysate (USA). Industrial ethanol fermentation is highly developed and the stoichiometric yield can be as high as 1.9 mol mol-1 [25, 26]. The... 

Microbial enzymes can be applied as catalysts for chenucal synthesis in biosynthetic processes or in biotransformations (bioconversions). In a biosynthetic process the product is formed de novo by the microbial cell from substrates, such as monosaccharides, molasses, soytean and com steep liquor. In a biotransformation, however, a precursor that is usually chemically synthesised is converted in one or several enzyme catalysed steps into the desired chemical. This chemical may be die end product or may serve as a precursor for further chemical modification. 

Properties Mixture of algae cells from Spongiococ-cum, molasses, com steep liquor, and a maximum of 0.3% ethoxyquin. 

Derivation The mold is grown in a nutrient solution such as com steep liquor, lactose, or dextrose. After several days of cultivation the mold excretes penicillin into its hquid culture medium. This hquid is then filtered off, and the penicillin extracted and purified by countercurrent extraction with amyl acetate, adsorption on carbon, or other methods. Different varieties of penicillin are produced biosynthetically by adding the proper precursors to the nutrient solution. 

The agricultural industry contributed, through its fermentation facilities and com steep liquor used for the medium of culture, to penicillin development. The production of penicillin increased by more than 10-fold. In fact, by 1944, there was sufficient penicillin to treat all of the severe battle wounds incurred on D-day at Normandy. Also, diseases like syphilis and gonorrhea could suddenly be treated more easily than with earlier treatments. 

However, for economy of production, maximum yields of alkaloids, and ease of recovery of the products, certain culture media containing relatively simple nutrient sources are preferred. For example, the media which are useful in the production of the alkaloids include an assimilable source of carbon such as glucose, sucrose, starch, molasses, dex-trins, corn steep solids, corn syrup liquor, sorbitol, mannitol, lactose, and the like. A preferred source of carbon is mannitol. Additionally, the media employed contain a source of assimilable nitrogen such as oatmeal meat extracts, peptones, amino acids and their mixtures, proteins and their hydrolysates, com steep liquor, soybean meal, peanut meal and ammonium salts of organic acids such as the citrate, acetate, malate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate and like salts. 

A laser turbidimeter has been developed for the on-line measurement of cell concentration, which is correlated to the turbidity of the cultured broth. However, the application of this turbidimeter to the continuous monitoring of cell growth might be limited to the lower range of cell concentration even in the highly transparent broths compared to the production media containing solid materials such as cane sugar molasses and com steep liquor. 

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