Tobacco products

Some 98% of all these light sources are used for tobacco products and although disposable lighters continue to gain market share from matches, the overall lights market has begun to decline. Annual sales for the U.S. match industry in 1992 were approximately 60 x 10 . ... 

Sorbic acid and its potassium salt, collectively called sorbates, are used primarily in a wide range of food and feed products (63) and to a lesser extent in certain cosmetics (64), pharmaceuticals, and tobacco products. There are limited appHcations of the calcium and sodium salts, but the acid and its potassium salt are used almost exclusively. 

Foods, drugs, cosmetics, pesticides, alcoholic beverages, tobacco, or tobacco products packaged for distribution to the general public. 

Tobacco and Tobacco Products Paints, Varnishes, and Supplies Nondurable Goods, Not Elsewhere Classified... 

For recreational use, ketamine is often snorted or smoked with marijuana or tobacco products, but it may also be injected intramuscularly (Weiner et al. 2000). The typical street dose of ketamine ranges from 30 to 300 mg. These amounts are in contrast to the chnical doses used for anesthesia, which range from 2 to 10 mg/kg. Ketamine has a half-life of less than 2 hours and is metabohzed by the cytochrome P450 en2yme system (Koesters et al. 2002 Reich and SUvay 1989). 

The most important routes of exposure to endosulfan for the general population are ingestion of food and the use of tobacco products with endosulfan residues remaining after treatment. Farmers, pesticide applicators, and individuals living in the vicinity of hazardous waste disposal sites contaminated with endosulfan may receive additional exposure through dermal contact and inhalation. 

Exposure to endosulfan residues in tobacco products could be another important source of general population exposure. Endosulfan residues in tobacco leaves and finished tobacco products were reviewed by EPA (1982a). Eor example, auction market tobacco had a mean residue of <0.2-14 ppm endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate in the early 1970s, and cigarettes sold in 1973 contained a mean residue of 0.83 ppm endosulfan. No information was found in the available literature regarding endosulfan concentrations in cigarette smoke. 

Production, Import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. Endosulfan is distributed in the environment as a result of its use as an insecticide (Gregor and Gummer 1989 NRCC 1975 Strachan et al. 1980). Humans may be exposed through the ingestion or use of contaminated food (Gartrell et al. 1986 Podrebarac 1984a) or tobacco products (EPA 1982a), contact with media from contaminated hazardous waste sites (principally soils), or insecticide apphcafion (Oudbier et al. 1974 Wolfe et al. 1972). 

Domanski JJ, Haire PL, Sheets TJ. 1974. Insecticide residues on 1973 U.S. tobacco products. Tobacco Sci 18 108-109. 

Lonsway JA, Byers ME, Dowla HA, et al. 1997. Dermal and respiratory exposure of mixers/sprayers to acephate, methamidophos, and endosulfan during tobacco production. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 59(2) 179-186. 

Typically, funding to embark on information and/or knowledge management initiatives within the life sciences only occurs after a serious failure within the business, such as a project failure or a withdrawal of a medicine from the market. Recently, COX-2 programs across the industry are under close scrutiny since the highly publicized withdrawal of Vioxx [10]. Of course, there has been no withdrawal of aspirin, paracetamol, alcohol, or tobacco products, which are well known as toxic. 

Formation, Occurrence, and Carcinogenicity of iV-Nitrosamines in Tobacco Products... 

N-Nitrosamines are formed during processing and smoking of tobacco products. Proteins, agricultural chemicals and alkaloids in tobacco products serve as major precursors for volatile, nonvolatile, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (Figure 1). In this review we will summarize the progress achieved in respect to tobacco nitrosamines since the last ACS symposium in Boston in June of 1978 (J ). Additional papers will review the metabolism of cyclic N-nitrosamines, including that of N -nitrosonornicotine 1) and the correlation between tobacco and alcohol consumption and cancer of the upper alimentary tract (J ). 

Table I lists the concentrations of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in some of the tobacco products which had greater than 0.5% nitrate content. Tobacco with less than 0.5% nitrate content, such as Bright tobaccos, yielded NDMA, NDEA and nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) generally below 5 ppb. The relatively high concentrations of NDMA in fine cut tobaccos and in snuff are possibly of significance in the increased risk for oral cancer among snuff dippers who use these tobacco types repeatedly each day by placing a pinch of the product directly into the gingival buccal fold (6,7).

Carcinogenicity of NDELA. Our special interest in NDELA as a constituent of tobacco products and as an environmental agent relates to the observation that this nitrosamine induces carcinoma of the liver as well as of the kidney in rats (21,22) and carcinoma of the nasal cavity and papillomas of the trachea in hamsters (23). Recently, Lijinsky reported that NDELA admini-... 

Nonvolatile Nitrosamines In Tobacco. A method which we developed several years ago for the analysis of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA 31) involves extraction of tobacco with buffered ascorbic acid TpH 4.5) followed by partition with ethyl acetate, chromatographic clean-up on silica gel, and analysis by HPLC-TEA (Figure 9). Results obtained with this method for a large spectrum of tobacco products (Table IV), strongly support the concept that the levels of nitrate and alkaloids, and especially the methods for curing and fermentation, determine the yields of TSNA in tobacco products. Recent and as yet preliminary data from snuff analyses indicate that aerobic bacteria play a role in the formation of TSNA during air curing and fermentation. 

Brunnemann, K.D. Hoffmann, D. Assessment of the Carcinogenic N-Nitrosodiethanolamine in Tobacco Products and Tobacco Smoke. Submitted. 

Radioisotope-labeled nitrosamines have proven valuable in development of analytical methods and for demonstrating efficiency of recovery of nitrosamines from tobacco products and smoke (37-39). The very high specific activity required for low part-per-billion determinations has discouraged most analysts from using this approach. Unless a radiochromatographic detector with adequate sensitivity is available, samples must be counted independently of the final chromatographic determination, and one of the advantages of internal standardization, correction for variation in volume injected, is lost. 

Review the patient s lifestyle habits including salt and alcohol intake, tobacco product use, and exercise routine. 

Help patient set a quit date (one of the most important strategies). Remove all tobacco products the night before the quit date. Follow-up with patient on the quit date or next day to support self-efficacy. 

Adverse effects include nausea, weight gain, breast tenderness, and breakthrough bleeding. Oral contraceptives have also been associated with an increased incidence of thromboembolic disease, particularly in women who use tobacco products or have other risk factors for thromboembolism. The development of these complications is significantly reduced when low-dose estrogen formulations of oral contraceptives are used.3... 

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