Feed and Product Properties

The feed used for the simulation comes from the distillation of a blend of Maya and Isthmus crude oils, and 9.25 vol% of material high boiling point lower than 538°C. The composition of this feed is as follows  

Properties of the products were obtained from a commercial visbreaking unit 

Conversion and product yields were computed with the following expressions  

Mass flowrate of fraction i in product - Mass flowrate of fraction i in feed,  

X538OC+ means the conversion of the vacuum residue fraction. 

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Feeds to hydrotreatment units vary widely they could he any petroleum fraction, from naphtha to crude residues. The process is relatively simple choosing the desulfurization process depends largely on the feed type, the level of impurities present, and the extent of treatment needed to suit the market requirement. Table 3-12 shows the feed and product properties from a hydro treatment unit. ... 

Over 30 man-years of effort were involved in developing the model, which is named KINPTR, an acronym for kinetic platinum reforming model. Since its development, KINPTR has had a major impact in Mobil s worldwide operations. It can be accessed by personnel at each of Mobil s locations throughout the world. Input requirements are simple and convenient making it very user friendly. Only feed characteristics, product quality targets, process configuration information, and process conditions are required for input. Output is informative and detailed. Overall and detailed yields, feed and product properties, and reactor performance data are given in the output. 

Industrial Designs and Systems Thousands of different products are processed in spray dryers representing a wide range of feed and product properties as well as drying conditions. The flexibility of the spray drying concept, which is the main reason for this wide application, is described by the following systems. 

From all this it should now be well understood why and that all manufacturers of mechanical process equipment need extensive test centers, which include a laboratory for the determination of feed and product properties and facilities for the evaluation and selection of design and process data. The personnel of this department are also the link to the customers, both new and old (existing), from whom new ideas and feedback (know-how) are obtained that are an important part of machine design, process lay-out, and equipment performance, including predicted operating parameters. 

Table 13. Feed and Product Properties for a flexible Single-Stage Hydrocracker...

As in hydrocracking, this reaction increases the gas yield and changes the relative equilihrium distrihution of the aromatics in favor of benzene. Table 3-7 shows the properties of feed and products from Chevron Rheiniforming process. 

Properties of feed and products from Chevron Rheiniforming process ... 

A variety of solid acids besides zeolites have been tested as alkylation catalysts. Sulfated zirconia and related materials have drawn considerable attention because of what was initially thought to be their superacidic nature and their well-demonstrated ability to isomerize short linear alkanes at temperatures below 423 K. Corma et al. (188) compared sulfated zirconia and zeolite BEA at reaction temperatures of 273 and 323 K in isobutane/2-butene alkylation. While BEA catalyzed mainly dimerization at 273 K, the sulfated zirconia exhibited a high selectivity to TMPs. At 323 K, on the other hand, zeolite BEA produced more TMPs than sulfated zirconia, which under these conditions produced mainly cracked products with 65 wt% selectivity. The TMP/DMH ratio was always higher for the sulfated zirconia sample. These distinctive differences in the product distribution were attributed to the much stronger acid sites in sulfated zirconia than in zeolite BEA, but today one would question this suggestion because of evidence that the sulfated zirconia catalyst is not strongly acidic, being active for alkane isomerization because of a combination of acidic character and redox properties that help initiate hydrocarbon conversions (189). The time-on-stream behavior was more favorable for BEA, which deactivated at a lower rate than sulfated zirconia. Whether differences in the adsorption of the feed and product molecules influenced the performance was not discussed. 

Table 14.1 Physical properties of selected molecules in isomerization feed and product.

O Connor, W. K., Oden, L. L. Turner, P. C. 1994. Vitrification of municipal waste combustor residues Physical and chemical properties of electric arc furnace feed and products. Process Mineralogy, XII, 17-37. 

Properties and Composition of Feed and Product Oils from Three-Stage HDS at 2.9 MPa (116)... 

Table I lists the properties of the hydrofined feed Table V shows yields and product properties at comparable conditions, and Table VI gives detailed chromatographic analyses of representative C5-l80°F products.

In the fourth step, the preprocessor generates plant performance data for the FCC, gas oil hydrocracker, motor reformer and BTX reformer. For each of these process units, the preprocessor calls the appropriate process simulator which computes the usage of equipment and utilities, product yields, and product properties for all base and alternate operations specified by the user. For all of the FCC operations, the feed properties are those of the atmospheric plus vacuum gas oil from the base crude mix blended with a specified fraction of deasphalter overhead. 

Pilot plant tests over 2500 h long were performed using hexane deasphalted oil of Orinoco crude (8 API). Properties of feed and products are shown in Table 1. The amount of vanadium (180 ppm) is representative of a high metal feedstock with low asphaltene content. 

Properties of feed and product of HOM pilot plant tests... 

The type of evaporator to be used and the materials of construction are generally selected on the basis of past experience with the material to be concentrated. The method of feeding can usually be decided on the basis of known feed temperature and the properties of feed and product. However, few of the listed variables are completely independent. For instance, if a large number of effects is to be used, with a consequent low temperature drop per effect, it is impractical to use a natural-circulation evaporator. If expensive materials of construction are desirable, it may be found that the forced-circulation evaporator is the cheapest and that only a few effects are justifiable. 

When the kinetics are unknown, still-useful information can be obtained by finding equilibrium compositions at fixed temperature or adiabatically, or at some specified approach to the adiabatic temperature, say within 25°C (45°F) of it. Such calculations require only an input of the components of the feed and products and their thermodynamic properties, not their stoichiometric relations, and are based on Gibbs energy minimization. Computer programs appear, for instance, in Smith and Missen Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Analysis Theory and Algorithms, Wiley, 1982), but the problem often is laborious enough to warrant use of one of the several available commercial services and their data banks. Several simpler cases with specified stoichiometries are solved by Walas Phase Equilibria in Chemical Engineering, Butterworths, 1985). 

The same separation steps (same feed and product compositions) can occur in different sequences. This can be seen in Fig. 1, where the first and the second sequence have the first separation in common. This property is used in a superstructure to reduce the complexity of the multicomponent systems. The state task network [3] is applied. In this superstructure, every possible composition, which can be attained, is called a state. The states represent the feed, possible intermediate products and products of the separation sequence. 

The usefulness of the of artificial neural networks as a modelling tool is apparent. A more general H-Oil product slate model can be developed by including the feed and catalyst properties. It can also easily be adapted to model the other aspects of the H-Oil process such the hydrotreating and hydrocracking reaction kinetics or coke lay down tendency in the separation units with the appropriate input and output patterns. 

The coeflBcients and fcj for the feed and product depend on the flow rates, physical properties, and membrane geometry, and they can be predicted using the correlations in Chap. 21. The membrane coeffleient depends on the effective diffusivity and the membrane thickness z ... 

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