Docosahexenoic acid

As mentioned earlier, both MCTs and LCTs are used in tube feeding products. Corn, soy, and safflower oils have been the mainstay sources of fat in these products, providing mainly co-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). On the other hand, some newer EN products contain higher quantities of co-3 PUFAs from sources such as fish oil [i.e., docosahexenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentenoic acid or (EPA)]. Still other formulas contain higher quantities of monounsaturated fatty acids from canola oil and high-oleic safflower or sunflower oils. The essential fatty acid (EFA) content (mainly linoleic acid) of EN... 

BCAA branched-chain amino acids DHA docosahexenoic acid... 

Eicosatetraenoic acid 5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentenoic acid 4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexenoic acid Tetracosanoic acid 15-Tetracoseanoic acid 2-Hydroxytetracosanoic acid... 

Administration of a cocktail containing eicosapentenoic acid and docosahexenoic acid to volunteers for up to 6 weeks, resulted in a significant depression in IL-1J3 (61%), IL-1 a (39%), and TNF (40%) synthesis. These levels returned to normal after a few weeks [99]. In vitro studies indicate that Pentoxifylline can block the effects of IL-1 and TNF on neutrophils [100]. It is a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor that causes increased capillary blood flow by decreasing blood viscocity and is used clinically in chronic occlusive arterial disease of the limbs with intermittent claudication. Denbufylline, a closely related xanthine, has been patented as a functional inhibitor of cytokines and exhibits a similar profile to Pentoxifylline [101]. Romazarit (Ro-31-3948) derived from oxazole and isoxazole propionic acids has been shown to block IL- 1-induced activation of human fibroblasts in vitro and in animal models reduces inflammation [102,103,104]. By using a spontaneous autoimmune MRL/lpr mouse model, a significant efficacy was shown [105]. Two-dimensional structures of some of these molecules are shown in Figure 14. 

The simultaneous separation of a mixture of 15 kinds of fatty acid hydrazides with mobile phases comprising various mixtures of methanol and water was not possible because of the long retention times. Figure 5 shows that with methanol-water (86 14) the separation of linoleic and eicosapentenoic acid hydrazides, and of linoleic, arachidonic, and docosahexenoic acid hydrazides, were difficult. 

Vitamarine. [Sederma] Mineral oil, docosahexenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, algae extract... 

Studies altering dietary fatty acids have provided support that eicosanoid synthesis regulates immune-mediated forms of renal injury. A diet enriched with fish oil containing co —3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) protects murine strains with lupus nephritis from the formation of renal disease. These CO —3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexenoic acid... 

Miwa, H. Yamamoto, M. Improved method of determination of biologically important Cio o-C22ie fatty acids as their 2-nitrophenylhydrazides by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, J.Chromatogr., 1986, 351, 275-282. [column temp 30 LOQ 2.5 pmol capric acid lauric acid myristoleic acid eicosapentenoic acid linolenic acid myristic acid docosahexenoic acid palmitoleic acid arachidonic acid linoleic acid eicosatrienoic acid palmitic acid oleic acid margaric acid is internal standard stearic acid]... 

In 1962, Menkes and his colleagues (1962) wrote a detailed description of a degenerative disease of the central nervous system. The condition was inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait and the affected males were both physically and mentally retarded and had peculiar white, stubbly hair. Later, O Brien and Sampson (1966), who first coined the name "Kinky Hair Bisease", examined the fatty acid levels in brain tissue from Menkes patients and found a decreased quantity of docosahexenoic acid, a highly unsaturated fatty acid. At that time, the significance of the peroxidation of lipids was not understood. 

Dimensional structures of small molecules that exhibit IL-1 modulating activities. They are tenidap, ciprofloxacin, 3-Deazaadenosine, (SK F 86002), E5110, DMARDs (Chloroquine, Auranofin, Sodium aurothiomalate and Dexamethasone) tiaprofenic acid, dexamethasone, tricyclic-ylidene-acetic acid and its derivative, Probucol, eicosapentenoic acid + docosahexenoic, pentoxifylline, Denbufylline, and Romazarit (Ro-31-3948). 

Fig. 5 Chromatograms of the 2-nitrophenylhydrazides of a mixture of saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids obtained with UV detection. Flow rate 1.2 ml/min. Eluent and column temperatures (a) methanol/water (86 14 v/v) and 50°C (b) acetonitrile/water (85 15 v/v) and 30°C. Peaks 1. capric 2. Laurie 3. myristoleic 4. eicosapentenoic 5. linolenic 6. myristic 7. docosahexenoic 8. palmitoleic 9. arachidonic 10. linoleic 11. eicosatrienoic 12. palmitic 13. oleic 14. margaric (internal standard) 15. stearic acid hydrazide. Each peak corresponds to 150 pmol.

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