Fabric dyeing polyester

The majority of vat dyes used worldwide are appHed by continuous dyeing polyester—cotton blends are the most important substrate. The fabric is padded with vat dye dispersion, dried, padded with sodium hydrosulfite, caustic soda, and salt, steamed for 30—60 s at 102°C, rinsed, and dried. 

The application of color to a substrate in the form of a spray of finely divided colorant is an accepted practice for metal coatings (3.,4). The feasibility of dyeing polyester fabrics by the application of powdered disperse dyes to the fabric has been demonstrated (5) however, many development problems such as efficient recovery of unfixed dye and the homogeneous application of dye mixtures need to be resolved. Likewise, the use of 100% solids" systems as, for example, radla-tion-cureable finishes will also require considerable development work. 

Georgia Tech did not possess modern pressure fabric dyeing equipment at the initiation of the dyebath reuse research. Therefore, to determine the feasibility of dyebath reuse in the general area of coloration of 100% polyester under pressure with disperse dyes, research was initiated on available package yarn equipment. 

The most famous dyestuff is probably indigo, an ancient dye that used to be isolated from plants but is now made chemically. It is the colour of blue jeans. More modern dyestuffs can be represented by ICI s benzodifuranones, which give fashionable red colours to synthetic fabrics like polyesters. 

Dye migration inhibitor for overcoming the movement of dyes on fabric during drying in the Pad-Thermasol Process. Additions of THERMACOL AM to the pad liquor when dyeing polyester and cotton/polyester with disperse dyes and vat pigments will minimise centre to selvedge and back to face variations. 

INTEX CARRIER 96 was developed for use in dyeing polyester fabrics on the jet dyeing machine at elevated temperatures using disperse dyes. The product has replaced several other carriers which contained high levels of perchloroethylene and/or other chlorinated solvents. 

The polymethine dyes derived from pyrazolinones have not been of importance in dyeing fabrics because of their lack of fastness to light. However, methylidyne bispyrazolinones are suitable for dyeing polyester fabrics. 

Heat transfer printing- A method of printing fabric of polyester or other thermoplastic fibers with disperse dyes. The design is transferred from pre-printed paper onto the fabric by contact heat which causes the dye to sublime. Having no affinity for paper, the dyes are taken up by the fabric. The method is capable of producing well-defined, clear prints. 

In certain cases, identifying the specific garment or textile product and the allergen it contains will be an important undertaking. The fiber content of the fabric will narrow the possible dyes, as certain dyes are used to color certain fibers. Cotton, rayon, and linen fabrics are dyed with direct, fiber-reactive, mordant, azoic, sulfur, and vat dyes. Wool fabrics are dyed with acid, mordant, and fiber-reactive dyes. Polyester fabrics are dyed with disperse dyes unless the polyester is modified to accept basic dyes. Nylon fabrics are colored with acid and disperse dyes unless modified to accept basic dyes. Acrylic fabrics are dyed with basic and disperse dyes. Acetate fabrics are dyed with disperse dyes. Other synthetic fibers are dyed with disperse dyes. 

The statistical analysis method of discriminant analysis [342] has been combined with NIRA to identify dissimilar textile products. Most textile fibres, yarns, and fabrics have chemical structures which yield complex NIR spectra, and as such these species normally require three or more wavelengths to classify the material. Discriminant analysis is simple to use, rapid, and does not require extensive, time-consuming sample preparation and analysis. Polyester staple fibres of different tenacity levels have different fabric dyeing properties. NIRA method with discriminant analysis successfully identifies and classifies the polyester staple samples by tenacity level and thus provides a quick technique for identification of polyester fibre anticipating quality problems [315]. Mitchell et al [343]... 

In the following tests dyeing accelerants, i.e. carriers, were used instead of dyes. These carriers were three products from Clariant AG Dilatin POE, a nonionic N-alkylphthalimide mixture, Dilatin NAN, a nonionic/anionic emulsifier-containing hydrocarbon mixture, and Dilatin EN, a nonionic emulsifier-containing hydrocarbon mixture. As expected, the carriers applied on the same woven fabric of polyester did not exhibit good antimicrobial effects. In these tests exhaustion was also started at 60°C and the temperature was raised to 98°C within 20 minutes and held at 98°C for 20 minutes. 

Uses Dispersant, leveling agent, and trimer reducing agent for dyeing polyester and polyester blended fabric and yarns Features Low foaming Reguiatory DOT nonreportable Nicca SunSoft RX-22 [Nicca USA]... 

Uses Leveling agent and stripping agent for use in dyeing polyester yam and fabric with disperse and basic dyestuffs Properties Liq. 100% cone. 

In the 1970s, considerable work was done to develop dye transfer technology to decorate fabrics, especially polyester. We considered this approach here too. Photosensitive coatings on a release substrate could be imaged in a roll-through device at considerable speed, and the imaged layer could be stratum-transferred to the leather or similar substrate. This allowed the binder layer, e.g., a polyurethane to be transferred at the same time, resulting in improved performance of the decorated material. 

Standard polyester fibers contain no reactive dye sites. PET fibers are typically dyed by diffusiag dispersed dyestuffs iato the amorphous regions ia the fibers. Copolyesters from a variety of copolymeri2able glycol or diacid comonomers open the fiber stmcture to achieve deep dyeabiHty (7,28—30). This approach is useful when the attendant effects on the copolyester thermal or physical properties are not of concern (31,32). The addition of anionic sites to polyester usiag sodium dimethyl 5-sulfoisophthalate [3965-55-7] has been practiced to make fibers receptive to cationic dyes (33). Yams and fabrics made from mixtures of disperse and cationicaHy dyeable PET show a visual range from subde heather tones to striking contrasts (see Dyes, application and evaluation). 

Antlblaze 19. Antiblaze 19 (Mobil), a flame retardant for polyester fibers (134), is a nontoxic mixture of cycHc phosphonate esters. Antiblaze 19 is 100% active, whereas Antiblaze 19T is a 93% active, low viscosity formulation for textile use. Both are miscible with water and are compatible with wetting agents, thickeners, buffers, and most disperse dye formulations. Antiblaze 19 or 19T can be diffused into 100% polyester fabrics by the Thermosol process for disperse dyeing and printing. This requires heating at 170—220°C for 30—60 s. 

For end uses demanding high dye lightfastness such as automotive iaterior fabrics, select premetallized dyes and uv inhibitors are appHed through the dye bath (179—182). Nylon can also be codyed with polyurethane elastomeric fibers, wool, acryflcs, polyesters, and ceUulosics (183). 

The sulfur dyes are widely used in piece dyeing of traditionally woven cotton goods such as drill and corduroy fabrics (see Textiles). The ceUulosic portion of polyester—cotton and polyester—viscose blends is dyed with sulfur dyes. Their fastness matches that of the disperse dyes on the polyester portion, especiaUy when it is taken into account that these fabrics are generaUy given a resin finish. 

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