Dye fabrication

Contrary to proponents assumptions, natural dyes are not necessarily environmentally friendly. First, large amounts of plant waste would be produced because of the low dye content in plants, eg, 170 million t of waste to color the cotton volume. Also, in order to dye fabric with natural dyes, "mordants," which are usually based on heavy metals, have to be used. For example, madder is appHed with tin (Sn) or aluminum (Al). Weld is appHed with tin salts. Salts based on copper and iron can also be used. 

Shikonin [517-89-5] (Cl 75535) occurs as an acetyl derivative in the Japanese shikone, Uthospermum eTythrorhi n another member of the Boraginaceae family. It is the (R)-optical isomer of alkannin (66). Tissue cultures of E. eythrorhi n are used in Japan to manufacture shikonin mainly for cosmetic use (67). Both alkannin and shikonin are mordant dyes producing violet to gray colors on fabrics. In Japan, shikonin was used to dye fabrics a color known as Tokyo Violet. Shikalkin [54952-43-1] the racemate (11), has been synthesized (68). 

Aniline and other aromatic amines are valuable industrial raw materials. They form an important starting point from which many of our dyestuffs, medicinals, and other valuable products are prepared. For example, you have used the indicator, methyl orange, in your laboratory experiments. Methyl orange is an example of an anQine-derived dye, although it is used more as an acid-base indicator than for dyeing fabrics. The structure of methyl orange is as follows ... 

Elder leaves combined with alum or chrome as a mordant dyes fabric green. When the leaves are mixed with alum and salt, a lilac color emerges. Adding elder leaves to copper and acetic acid yields a... 

Industrial separation membranes and ion-exchange resins can be made from chitin, especially for water purification. Chitin is also used industrially as an additive to thicken and stabilize foods and pharmaceuticals. Since it can be shaped into fibres, the textile industry has used chitin, especially for socks, as it is claimed that chitin fabrics are naturally antibacterial and antiodour (www.solstitch.net). Chitin also acts as a binder in dyes, fabrics and adhesives. Some processes to size and strengthen paper employ chitin. 

Clearing/stripping of dyes fabrics and yarns Reduction of vat dyes... 

The polymethine dyes derived from pyrazolinones have not been of importance in dyeing fabrics because of their lack of fastness to light. However, methylidyne bispyrazolinones are suitable for dyeing polyester fabrics. 

Dyeing. Dyeing fabrics or yarns is discussed in other papers in this group and is beyond the scope of this paper. Aside from the dyes themselves, enormous quantities of chemicals are consumed in dyeing, including sodium hydrosulfite, sodium nitrite, soaps, surface active penetrants and detergents, acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, mineral acids, sodium chloride, and Glauber s salt. 

Numerous editions had already appeared before 1533, but the publication of a new edition of the first of the tracts at Frankfurt in 1535 called The Proper Use of Alchemy was a direct attempt to make alchemical techniques part of the legitimate, for-profit daily routine of artisan entrepreneurs. The publisher of these alchemical methods had especially goldsmiths and jewelers in mind, but other craftsmen would also have been interested in the book s recipes, such as how to make artificial amber or artificial pearls, how to separate gold from copper, or how to soften gold so that it could be worked in a solid-cold state more easily. The second of the series of manuals contained recipes for making ink and colors and was aimed principally at those involved in illuminating books and manuscripts. Thereafter you could learn how to dye fabric and re-... 

Cerium carbide and nitride have been tried as filaments for incandescent lamps.2 Pure cerium nitrate is used in the manufacture of gas mantles. The reducing action of cerous compounds is used for producing a variegated effect in dyeing fabrics. The salts of cerium are used for making aniline black and as a base for the alizarin group of dyestuffs. 

Calorimetric standard used in preserving food, dyeing fabric, curing tobacco... 

USE The anhydrous form suitable as an acid catalyst, esp in Friede -Crafts type reactions in cracking of petroleum in manuf rubbers, lubricants. The hexahydrate form used in preserving wood disinfecting stables, slaughterhouses, etc. in deodorants and antiperspirant preparations refining crude oil dyeing fabrics manuf parchment paper. Caution Anhydrous form is a strong irritant. 

USE Manuf dyes, medicinals, resins, varnishes, perfumes, shoe blacks vulcanizing rubber as solvent. Hydrochloride used in manuf of intermediates, aniline black and other dyes, in dyeing fabrics or wood black. 

Incomfxu. Iron compds, gelatin, lime water, zinc sulfate. use Tanning, dyeing fabrics brown and black staining wood in toilet preparations. therap cat Astringent (diarrheal). 

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