Printing on fabric

Corbin, T. J., Hand Block Printing on Fabrics, London, Pitman, 1,934. 

Eor printing on polyester, the fixation conditions are more rigorous than on other disperse dyeable fibers, owing to the slower diffusion of disperse dyes in polyester. Eor continuous fixation the prints are exposed at atmospheric pressure to superheated steam of 170—180°C for 6—8 min. A carrier may be added to the print paste for accelerated and fliU fixation. Dry-heat fixation conditions of 170—215°C for 1—8 min are less popular for printed fabrics, but are sometimes employed because of lack of other equipment. 

Erwin Bindewald and Karl Kapser. Fairy Fancy on Fabrics The Wonderland of Calico Printing. Braunsweig Georg Westermann Verlag, 1951. Source for public demand for printed cottons. 

In contrast to high density arrays low density arrays are made by deposition of pre-synthesized oligonucleotides or proteins on activated surfaces. There are several printing techniques for fabricating microarrays Non-contact biochip arrayers, commonly based on the piezoelectric effect, can apply controlled sub-nanoliter probe volumes to pre-specified locations on the chip surface. Due to the fact that the dispenser does not touch the surface, a non-contact arrayer provides low risk of contamination and is most suitable for printing on soft materials such as hydrogels. 

Stable mixtures of anti-diazotates and Naphtols were marketed as Rapid Fast colours for printing onto fabric with development of the azoic dye by steaming. The anti-diazosulphonates (4.113) [113], which were prepared by treatment of a diazonium salt with sodium sulphite and which regenerate the diazonium ion on treatment with an oxidising agent, found similar use. Both ranges are now of only historical interest. 

The US Environmental Protection Agency recently announced its intention to develop and implement new Clean Air Act Standards for industrial coatings operations within the next year. These emission standards will eventually require companies involved in fabric printing, coating and dyeing operations to comply with Maximum Achievable Control standards. The Hazardous Air Pollutants emission limits that will apply to facilities and the impact on fabric coating operations are discussed. USA... 

Transfer Dyes. In transfer printing the dye is supplied in the form of a coating on transfer paper. The fabric is pressed closely against the paper, and the dye is sublimed at ca. 200°C and diffuses into fibers. This process is used primarily for printing on polyester fabrics. Originally it relied on available disperse dyes with good sublimation characteristics. New dyes, specifically developed for this process, have appeared on the market recently (see also [16, vol. VIII, pp. 191 ff.]). 

Practically all synthetic fibers can be printed with disperse dyes. Cationic dyes are used preferentially for acrylic fibers, and acid dyes and metal-complex dyes can be used for prints on polyamide fibers. The importance of printing with disperse dyes and the relative amount of different man-made fibers used for prints varies according to fashion and local requirements. Polyester fabrics alone or in combination with cotton are the most important. After precleaning, fabrics made from synthetic fibers must be heat-set to achieve dimensional stability and crease resistance. The usual setting conditions are 20-30 s at 190-210°C, and for texturized articles about 30°C lower. 

Toner particles printed on a transparency (PET) film by a laser printer was used to fabricate a microfluidic device. It was then laminated with a blank transparency film to form a closed device [238,239]. The complete process is shown in Figure 2.25. The PET film is 100 pm thick and has optical transparency above 80% in the range 400-800 pm The toner layer is 6 pm deep. Approximately twice this depth can be obtained by laminating two printed films. Lamination... 

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