Dyeing machine

Jet cement Jet dyeing Jet dyeing machines Jet engine fuels... 

Before the pressurized package dyeing machine became estabHshed, sulfur dyes were often employed for dyeing cotton warps in rope form (ball... 

Transportation of the Textile Material with No Mechanical Movement of the Liquor. Probably the oldest example of dyeing in which the textile alone moves is the ancient box-type skein dye machine in which skeins of yam are hung on wooden pegs with about three-fourths of the skein submerged in the dye Hquor. To prevent stick marks and unlevelness, the sticks are turned by hand at frequent intervals. 

Machines Based on Movement of Both Dye Liquor and Material. One example of a machine in which both yam and dye Hquor are moved is the Klauder-Weldon skein dye machine not only do the skeins turn, but the Hquor is pumped in small streams over the yam as the threads pass over the spindles. This process assures maximum uniformity and levelness. 

Another extremely popular machine of this type is the jet dyeing machine which conserves energy by reducing the cloth-to-Hquor ratio to 1 10 or lower as compared to 1 20 for the winch. In this machine, the fabric which is in a rope form is transported by movement of the dye Hquor through a Venturi jet. This method provides intimate contact between the dye Hquor and each meter of material. The machine operates at 40—135°C. 

Fig. 10. Long cylindrical jet dyeing machine. The fabric return and jet are shown inside the main tube. In some designs it could be external to the main tube.

Turkey, for centuries, has been known for the beauty of its handwoven mgs dyed with natural dyes. Nowadays Turkish peasants prefer to dye machine-made mgs with synthetic dyes since these are more readily available and easier to apply. However, there is a growing demand by collectors and connoisseurs connoisseurs for handmade mgs dyed with natural dyes, especially alizarin, and they command premium prices (22). Also, there is a small demand for natural alizarin by artists and home dyers who claim that natural alizarin produces subde shades not obtainable with synthetic alizarin. Just as synthetic alizarin forced natural alizarin out of the market, synthetic alizarin has been replaced by azoic dyes since they are easier to apply. 

In addition, the quaternary ammonium compounds mostly possess strong affinity for the cellulosic fiber, whereby the insoluble reaction product is anchored even more firmly with the dye on the fiber. This high affinity can, however, also result in nonuniform improvements in fastness properties. This behavior also prevents the use of circulating liquor dyeing machines, because even with addition of aftertreatment agent in portions (e.g., in the case of wound packages) completely uniform aftertreatment can not be guaranteed. 

Laboratory dyeing technique should simulate actual production conditions as closely as possible. It also should allow for a multiplicity of tests in a short period of time. Laboratory equipment permits dyeing of small (5 g) to larger (1 kg) textile samples. Most lab dyeing machines work batchwise, but installations for continuous operation are also available [29],... 

Batch Processes. In batch processes, dyeing is conducted in various circulating-goods machines (e.g., jigger, winch beck, jet, and overflow machines) and circulating-liquor machines (yam, piece, and package dyeing machines) (see Sections 4.1.1). 

Stockings, tights, and socks are dyed either in drum-dyeing machines or on automatic apparatus (for stockings). In these machines the stockings or tights are drawn over aluminum forms, sprayed with dye liquor, and fixed. 

Anon., product literature from suppliers IMM3 Machinery Co., Greenville, So. Carolina Gaston County Dyeing Machine Co., Mount Holly, No. Carolina. 

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