Viscosity formulation

Antlblaze 19. Antiblaze 19 (Mobil), a flame retardant for polyester fibers (134), is a nontoxic mixture of cycHc phosphonate esters. Antiblaze 19 is 100% active, whereas Antiblaze 19T is a 93% active, low viscosity formulation for textile use. Both are miscible with water and are compatible with wetting agents, thickeners, buffers, and most disperse dye formulations. Antiblaze 19 or 19T can be diffused into 100% polyester fabrics by the Thermosol process for disperse dyeing and printing. This requires heating at 170—220°C for 30—60 s. 

Fig. 5.30 Comparison of the two-phase frictional pressure gradient between micro-channel data and homogeneous flow model predictions using different viscosity formulations. Reprinted from Kawahara et al. (2002) with permission...

MF Saettone, D Monti, MT Torracca, P Chetoni. (1994). Mucoadhesive ophthalmic vesicles Evaluation of polymeric low-viscosity formulations. J Ocular Pharmacol 10 83-92. 

Alkenyloxystyrene monomers such as 4-allyloxystyrene are useful components of photocured cationically polymerizable compositions. Used alone or in combination with divinyl ethers they provide low viscosity formulations, which are excellent solvents for commercial onium salt photoinitiators. Photocuring rates are comparable to vinyl ether monomers and the initially photocured alkenyloxystyrene polymers may be further heat processed to yield crosslinked phenolic type resins having outstanding thermal resistance properties. The new materials have good adhesive properties and are potentially useful where a combination of ease of processability and high performance is required. 

Saettone, M.F., Monti, D., Torraeea, M.T., and Chetoni, P., Mucoadhesive ophthalmic vehicles evaluation of polymeric low-viscosity formulations, J. Ocul. Pharmacol., 10 83-92... 

However, one of the greatest advantages of epoxy resin chemistry is that epoxy resins can provide low-viscosity formulations without solvents. As a result, these 100 percent solids systems elude environmental regulations and production precautions that are required for a flammable material. 

In general, the acrylates classified as "oligomers" are too high in viscosity for extensive use in the very low viscosity formulations required by UV curable inkjet inks. However, acrylate oligomers do possess several properties that can be very beneficial, even when used at additive levels. 

TheraTears (Advanced 0.25% Sodium Low viscosity formulated to match electrolytes... 

Testing procedures, approval, standardisation and performance limits for lubricants in the United States are decided by the automotive industry and the API, given in Section 17.2. In Europe this responsibility is shared between CEC, which sets testing procedures, approvals and standardisations, with performance limits set by ACEA, decided with the additive and lubricant industries, given in Section 17.3. ILSAC has generally adopted the US automobile specifications for lower viscosity formulations, given in Section 17.4, with additional test requirements, in particular fuel efficiency tests. 

If thicker photoresist is desired reduce the spin speed (not the spin time) or change to a higher viscosity formulation. 

Salt (Sodium or Ammonium Chloride) will raise the viscosity. Formulation LDL-006-01... 

High-viscosity, medium-viscosity, and low-viscosity formulations of each type are available [2.3]. Important producers of nitrocellulose used in lacquers include Hercules (USA), ICI (UK), BNC (France), Wolff Walsrode (FRG), and NQB (Brazil). 

In the period 1965-1980 a wide variety of new, stronger, and more durable rayon fibers were developed. Rayon variants are now produced which utilize the comfort and aesthetic qualities of cellulose to compliment synthetic fibers in many textile applications. Considerable emphasis has been placed on the economics and ways to meet environmental and safety standards. Special effects, such as crimp or hollow filaments, may be obtained by appropriate viscose formulations, point-of-stretch applications, spin-bath compositions, and modifiers. Flame-retardant (FR), acid-dyeable, and superabsorbent rayons are typical of the properties that can be attained by incorporating various materials in the fiber structure. Rayon is unique in the respect that the fiber can be permanently modified for a wide variety of end uses simply by adding the appropriate material to viscose. 

While various methods and equipment can be used to measure viscosity, the most common uses the Brookfield viscometer (Fig. 7.1). ASTM D2196, Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Materials by Rotational (Brookfield) Viscometer, covers this method for Model LVF and Model RVF viscometers. Brookfield LV viscometers are used for low-viscosity materials, RV for medium-viscosity formulations, and HV for high-viscosity formulations. Test Method ASTM D2556, Apparent Viscosity of Adhesives HavingShear-Rate Dependent Flow Properties also specifies... 

The silane is the essential ingredient that enables this large amount of fumed silica (Aerosil ) to be dispersed into the coating system. How the silane enables the dispersion of the fumed silica in the system is an essential part of the technology. Simple addition of a small amount of sUane to an acrylic suspension of fumed silica does not lead to low-viscosity formulations. We believe it is the organophilic siloxane shell (Fig. 4) that has been placed around the fumed silica particles that allows for the high filler content. 

Excellent bases for preparation of high viscosity, formulated products. 

Saettone M F, Monti D, Torracca M T, Chetoni P. Mucoadhesive ophthalmic vehicles - evaluation polymeric low-viscosity formulations. J Ocul Pharmacol 1994 10 83-92. 

The comparison of the two hypoplastic models shows that the new advanced model, i.e., the model which takes into account the void ratio and the stress dependencies, is a convergent and rather effective approach for the simulation of silo discharge of bulk solid. The new density-dependent viscosity formulation improves the behaviour modeling of the bulk solid and is a suitable extension for the hypoplastic equation. In the near future, measurements of silo discharging flow are planed at the Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering of the Technical University in Braunschweig such that comparisons between measured and numerical results shall be possible. 

Nature of the substrate and the materials being bonded. What is the texture of the surfaces—are they smooth, rough, uneven, out of plumb, etc. A surface that is relatively uneven cannot be bonded to a very smooth surface with a low viscosity adhesive. If one must bridge certain irregularities that are quite common in construction, then heavier viscosity formulations are needed. 

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