Isolation from Plants

A way around these problems is to have the plant isolated from other equipment and clearly marked This is the property of (name of Clients) and while it may not be a complete guarantee of success, it is at least better than not marking it. 

MacMillan, J., Suter, P.J. "The occurrence of gibberellin A] in higher plants isolation from the seed of runner bean (Phaseolus multiflorus)." Naturwissen. 1958, 1 5, 1 6. 

Figure 2.22 Structure of the most complex betanidin conjugate known so far from higher plants, isolated from Bougainvillea bracts.

Transgenic plant technology holds great promise. Several crops including corn, tobacco, potato, and soybean have been studied for the production of antibodies and proteins. The product, especially antibodies, concentrates in the corn kernels, and is easily separated. The systems are safe in terms of virus transmission, because plant viruses do not survive in animals. The one concern is the ability to keep the plants isolated from other crops. The pharm plant products, as they are called, cannot be allowed into the food chain. So currently, these plants are not grown in any food producing areas. 

FIGURE 10. 70 eV mass spectra of tricyclic diterpanes (C20 and C19) derived from abietic acid or pimaric acid, resins, of coals and high plants. Isolated from coal (a) abietane (b) flchtelite (c) norprimane (d) C2o-tricyclic terpane , (e) isocopalane ... 

Widely distributed in plants, isol. from rubber latex. Prod, on large scale from Hevea brasUiensis. Synth, precursor. 

In this accident, the steam was isolated from the reactor containing the unfinished batch and the agitator was switched ofiF. The steam used to heat the reactor was the exhaust from a steam turbine at 190 C but which rose to about 300°C when the plant was shutdown. The reactor walls below the liquid level fell to the same temperature as the liquid, around 160°C. The reactor walls above the liquid level remained hotter because of the high-temperature steam at shutdown (but now isolated). Heat then passed by conduction and radiation from the walls to the top layer of the stagnant liquid, which became hot enough for a runaway reaction to start (see Fig. 9.3). Once started in the upper layer, the reaction then propagated throughout the reactor. If the steam had been cooler, say, 180 C, the runaway could not have occurred. ... 

CgHiiNO. M.p. 282 C (decomp.). The naturally occurring substance is laevorotatory. It is an amino-acid isolated from various plant sources, but not found in the animal body. It is formed from tyrosine as the first stage in the oxidation of tyrosine to melanin. It is used in the treatment of Parkinson s disease. 

First obtained from Physosligma venenosum (Calabar bean) and is readily isolated from many plant sources where it often co-occurs with sitosterol. It has served as a starting substance for the synthesis of steroid hormones. 

C12H20O4. M.p. 165°C. A plant growth hormone, which is produced in damaged plant tissue, and on diffusing into adjacent intact tissue cells stimulates them to divide. Traumatic acid has been isolated from the pods of green beans. 

Compounds of class (iii) are either totally synthetic (a few steroids) or derivatives of natural products isolated from plants or microorganisms. They are discussed within the indicated sections. We will briefly describe published syntheses of the most common compounds... 

An n alkane of molecular formula C28H58 has been isolated from a certain fossil plant Write a condensed structural formula for this alkane J... 

Natural products that contain carbon-carbon triple bonds are numerous Two examples are tariric acid from the seed fat of a Guatemalan plant and cicutoxin a poi sonous substance isolated from water hemlock... 

The hydroxyl at C 2 m D nbose is absent m 2 deoxy d nbose In Chapter 28 we shall see how derivatives of 2 deoxy d nbose called deoxynbonucleotides are the funda mental building blocks of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) the material responsible for stor mg genetic information L Rhamnose is a compound isolated from a number of plants Its carbon chain terminates m a methyl rather than a CH2OH group... 

Carotenoids are natural pigments characterized by a tail to tail linkage between two C20 units and an extended conjugated system of double bonds They are the most widely dis tributed of the substances that give color to our world and occur m flowers fruits plants insects and animals It has been estimated that biosynthesis from acetate produces approximately a hundred million tons of carotenoids per year The most familiar carotenoids are lycopene and (3 carotene pigments found m numerous plants and easily isolable from npe tomatoes and carrots respectively... 

The actions of the naturally occurring materials now known as alkaloids were probably utilized by the early Egyptians and/or Sumarians (1). However, the beginnings of recorded, reproducible isolation from plants of substances with certain composition first took place in the early nineteenth century. Then in close succession, narcotine [128-62-1] (1, now called noscopine, C22H23NOy) (2) and morphine (2, R = H) (3) (both from the opium poppy, Papaver somnijerum E.) were obtained. 

Until separation techniques such as chromatography (28,29) and counter-current extraction had advanced sufficientiy to be of widespread use, the principal alkaloids were isolated from plant extracts and the minor constituents were either discarded or remained uninvestigated. With the advent of, first, column, then preparative thin layer, and now high pressure Hquid chromatography, even very low concentrations of materials of physiological significance can be obtained in commercial quantities. The alkaloid leurocristine (vincristine, 22, R = CHO), one of the more than 90 alkaloids found in Catharanthus roseus G. Don, from which it is isolated and then used in chemotherapy, occurs in concentrations of about 2 mg/100 kg of plant material. 

Atropiae (41), isolated from the deadly nightshade Airopa belladonna L.) is the racemic form, as isolated, of (—)-hyoscyamine [which is not isolated, of course, from the same plant but is typically found ia solanaceous plants such as henbane (HyosQiamus mgerl. )]. Atropiae is used to dilate the pupil of the eye ia ocular inflammations and is available both as a parasympatholytic agent for relaxation of the intestinal tract and to suppress secretions of the saUvary, gastric, and respiratory tracts. In conjunction with other agents it is used as part of an antidote mixture for organophosphorus poisons (see Chemicals in war). 

The isoprene unit exists extensively in nature. It is found in terpenes, camphors, diterpenes (eg, abietic acid), vitamins A and K, chlorophyll, and other compounds isolated from animal and plant materials. The correct stmctural formula for isoprene was first proposed in 1884 (7). 

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