Explosiveness, safety hazard

Some batteries present an explosive safety hazard because of hydrogen gas released during charging. This hazard is controlled by ventilation and preventing ignition by sparks or open... 

I. Kabek and S. Urman, "Hazards of Copper Azide ia Fuzes," ia Minutes of the 14th Annual Explosives Safety Seminar, NTIS, 1972, p. 533. 

Nitrous gases originating from the combustion units in nitric acid plants carry small amounts of unreacted ammonia, NH3. The ammonia may react with the nitrous gas to form microscopic particles of ammonium nitrate that adhere to solid surfaces. Within a short time, there is a growing layer of ammonium nitrate salt covering the internal surface of the nitrous gas compressor (Figure 4-27). This layer can obstruct the flow passages because it tends to increase the power consumption, provoke excessive vibrations, and even present a safety hazard since ammonium nitrate explosions can occur. 

In addition, responses to releases of hazardous substances where there is no potential health or safety hazard (i.e., fire, explosion, or chemical exposure) are not considered to be emergency responses. Keep in mind that qualified personnel who are trained to clean up incidental... 

For a dust ignition to occur, the suspended solids concentration must lie between lower and upper limits which vary from material to material and are influenced by subtle factors such as particle shape and size distribution. From the standpoint of assessing safety hazards in commercial and industrial operations, the lower explosive limit is the more important one. The rationale of this statement is that, if the possibility of exceeding the lower limit in a powder-handling operation can not be completely ruled out, then a hazard must be recognized and appropriate measures taken. Over the... 

Huang, L.C.P., Prediction of Debris Hazards from Explosions in Buildings, Twenty-First Explosives Safety Seminar, Houston, TX, Aug 1984. 

Klein, P. F., Fragment and Debris Hazards, Technical Paper 12, Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board, Jul 1975. 

Hackett, 0. F. and Peterson, R. 0., Missile Hazards from Explosions in Ships, Nineteenth Explosives Safety Seminar,... 

Herrera, W. R., et al. "A Study of Fire Hazards from Combustible Ammunition Effects of Scale and Confinement (Phase II)," SwRI Final Report No. 01-7327 for DOD Explosives Safety Board, Contract MDA903-82-C-0526 (December 1984). 

Repair and Reuse After Explosion. Although the risk of a high order detonation of a munition during disassembly is low, this hazard does exist. In the event of such an incident, it is a design requirement for the containment rooms to suffer only minimal damage and allow rapid refurbishment. To assure this capability, the containment room structural design criteria are more conservative than Department of Defense Explosive Safety Criteria would normally require. This is considered appropriate since vapor containment is so critical in this facility. 

With the possible exception of delay fuses, any pyrotechnic mixture represents a hazard worthy of report. Although the cause of frequent accidents reviewed in [2], compositions intended to explode or deflagrate are generally outside the field of this work and few are listed. Numerous reviews and specialist texts exist and hundreds of patents appear yearly. The account [1] of the theory and practice of pyrotechnics contains much useful information on the performance and potential hazards of a great variety of oxidant-fuel combinations which burn very rapidly or explosively. Safety measures are found in [2], Other reviews written from a functional viewpoint are found in [3] and [4], Some hazardously incompatible pyrotechnic mixes are reported [5], Detonability of pyrotechnic compositions has... 

Accidents involving physical hazards can directly injure workers and can create additional hazards, for example, increased chemical exposure due to damaged protective equipment, or danger of explosion caused by the mixing of chemicals. Site personnel should constantly look out for potential safety hazards, and should immediately inform their supervisors of any new hazards so that proper action can be taken [1,21,31]. 

Operating room safety hazards, such as flammability and explosiveness and (6) prompt patient recovery to psychomotor competence, facilitating the clinician s assessment of the patient and the patient s ability to become physiologically self-supporting. 

In contemporary surgical settings, the only useful nonhalogenated inhalational anesthetic is N2O. Earlier agents, ether and cyclopropane, have fallen out of favor, since they present a serious safety hazard due to their flammability and explosiveness. They remain interesting from a historical point of view, since they were among the first developed. 

General Safety Precautions. The preparation and handling of the items covered by this specification, and the subassemblies thereof, involve hazardous operations and therefore require explosives safety precautions. Use of this specification will not be construed as to relieve the contractor or manufacturer of responsibility for the safety of his operations. Listed below are certain minimum provisions which a contractor or manufacturer (who prepares the item covered) should observe in order to fulfill his responsibility for safety. At Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department, and other government plants, these provisions are mandatory. Such other warnings and precautions, pertinent to the operational effectiveness or safety during preparation of the specified items, are included in detailed technical requirements of the specification... 

Safety Handbook", Part III. Hazardous Compounds, Mixtures, and Reactions, Expl Res Sect, Expls Propints Lab, Pica tinny Arsenal, Dover, NJ (Dec 1959), pp 33-46 (List of compds, mists, and reactions which are, or may be, dangerous) 5) "Explosive Accident/lncident Abstracts" (A compilation listing description, causes preventive measures of 219 expl incidents reported to the Armed Services Explosives Safety Board by companies, governmental agencies other groups from Sept 1961 thru June 1967. The Abstracts are available as ASTIA Document 660020 from die National Technical Information Service, US Dept of Commerce, PO Box 1553, Ravensworth, Va 22151)... 

D. Kite, Jr, Safety Hazard Classification of Water-Wet Explosives , PATR 3223 (1965) (AD-460363/5ST) [Table 7 lists deton data for 18 granular w-filled expls loosely packed in Plexiglas tubes of 1.75" ID with wall thicknesses of from 1/8" to 1/4". Expl column lengths were from 10" to 20". Deton was achieved using either 33g Tetryl pellets or 40-grain RDX wafers, electric cap initiated. 

Most combustion processes are chain-branching, but other examples of chain-branching reactions are also found in industrial systems. Chain-branching reaction systems are potentially explosive, and for this reason great care must be taken to avoid safety hazards in dealing with them. The explosion behavior of gaseous fuels as a function of stoichiometry, temperature, and pressure has been an important research area [241]. Experimental data are typically obtained in a batch reactor, a spherical vessel immersed in a liquid bath maintained at a specific temperature. The desire to understand the explosion behavior of various... 

A useful source of data on the safety record of the transportation of expls is the Office of Hazardous Materials News, Office of the Secretary, Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. A European collection of data on industry connected accidents is said to have been collected by Dr Karl Trautzl (Ref 44). The Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board has issued two series of publications (Ref 26). The first are the proceedings of the Annual Explosives Safety Seminars. The second publication series are the abstracts of expl accidents. These reports are submitted voluntarily by both government and industry and are complete with descriptions of causes, damage and casualties. Incidents related to the Fireworks industry are reported annually in the Fire Journal (Ref 64)... 

Fuel properties are especially important in defining the safety hazards posed by a fuel. Since fuels are flammable, fire and explosion hazards are possible. Some fuels are toxic or contain carcinogenic compounds that present exposure, inhalation, and ingestion hazards. Fuels stored at cryogenic temperatures such as liquefied natural gas and liquefied hydrogen present safety hazards from skin contact... 

Most on-line analyzers are installed as permanent fixtures. Bearing this in mind, environmental issues associated with temperature and vibration become more critical, and the requirement for conformance to safety standards may be enforced by the need for system certification. The latter requires an assessment of the working environment, and the potential for fire and/or explosion hazard, relative to the anticipated presence of flammable vapors or gases. Safety hazard and local electrical design code compliance, which includes CE Mark for Europe, Canadian Standards Association (CSA) for Canada,... 

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