Liquefied natural gases

For the above reasons, gas Is typically economic to develop only if it can be used locally, i.e. if a local demand exists. The exception to this is where a sufficient quantity of gas exists to provide the economy of scale to make transportation of gas or liquefied gas attractive. As a guide, approximately 10 Tcf of recoverable gas would be required to justify building a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant. Globally there are few such plants, but an example would be the LNG plant in Malaysia which liquefies gas and transports it by refrigerated tanker to Japan. The investment capital required for an LNG plant Is very large typically in the order of 10 billion. 

Sales gas, which is typically made up of methane (CH ) and small amounts of ethane (C2Hg), can be exported by refrigerated tanker rather than by pipeline and has to be compressed by a factor of 600 (and cooled to -150°C). This is then termed Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). 

Carbon dioxide (COj) will solidify at the temperatures required to liquefy natural gas, and high quantities can make the gas unsuitable tor distribution. Removal is usually achieved in contacting towers. 

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) natural gas that has been Hquefied by reducing its temperature to 111 K at atmospheric pressure. It remains a Hquid at 191 K and 4.64 MPa (673 psig). 

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) also plays a large role in both the transportation and storage of natural gas. At a pressure of 101.3 kPa (1 atm), methane can be Hquefted by reducing the temperature to about — 161°C. When in the Hquid form, methane occupies approximately 1/600 of the space occupied by gaseous methane at normal temperature and pressure. In spite of the very low temperature of the Hquid, LNG offers advantages for both shipping and storing natural gas. 

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plants can be categorized as peakshaving or baseload. Peakshaving LNG plants are built at the consumer end of natural gas pipelines to accumulate LNG in storage tanks for later vaporization and sendout into the local grid during periods of peak demand. Baseload LNG plants provide a steady base supply of natural gas to utiHty companies, generally by transportation of LNG by ship from one country to another. 

NFPA Standard 59A, Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handhng of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)... 

NFPA 57 Standard for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Fuel Systems. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. 

Fuel modification in terms of volatility, hydrocarbon types, or additive content. Some of the fuels currently being used are liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), fuels with alcohol additives, and unleaded gasoline. The supply of some of these fuels is very limited. Other fuel problems involving storage, distribution, and power requirements have to be considered. 

Liquefied natural gas is predominantly methane. The eryogenie properties of methane are ... 

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Natural gas cooled to -162 °C to achieve a significant volume reduction, then stored under pressure. 

N. J. Cupurus, Developments in Cryogenic Storage Tanks, Paper presented at 6th International Conference on Liquefied Natural Gas, Kyoto, Japan, 1980. 

On the night of June 3,1989, a pipeline carrying liquefied natural gas began to leak close to the Trans-Siberian railway track between the towns of Asma and Ufa. A flammable doud of leakage covered the railway track. At the moment two trains passed through the cloud shortly after midnight, it was ignited. The blast was enormous, and considerable portions of both trains were derailed. The death toll was approximately 650. 

Compared with other alternative motor fuel options (reformulated gasoline, compressed or liquefied natural gas, ethanol from corn or coal, methanol and electricity), propane has the lowest greenhouse gas emissions except for natural gas. According to a 1998 study by the Institute of Transportation Studies, greenhouse emissions from propane vehicles arc 21.8 percent less than from gasoline or diesel. 

Compressed Natural Gas Liquefied Natural Gas Methanol Propane (Liquid Petroleum Gas) Other Total ... 

Other energy sector concerns are methane emissions from unburned fuel, and from natural gas leaks at various stages of natural gas production, transmission and distribution. The curtailment of venting and flaring stranded gas (remotely located natural gas sources that are not economical to produce liquefied natural gas or methanol), and more efficient use of natural gas have significantly reduced atmospheric release. But growth in natural gas production and consumption may reverse this trend. Methane has... 

To remain a liquid at a reasonably low pressure, liquefied natural gas (LNG) must be maintained at below at least -117°F. Insulated storage tanks alone cannot maintain these very cold temperatures. LNG is stored at its boiling point to take advantage of autorefrigeration. Just as the temperature of water does not rise above its boiling point (212°F) with increased heat (it is cooled by evaporation), LNG is kept near its boiling point if kept at a constant pres-... 

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