Causes and prevention

Figure 5.4 EfTect of temperature on corrosion of iron in water containing dissolved oxygen. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill Inc., Corrosion, Causes and Prevention, by F. Speller, p. 168, McGraw-Hill, 1951)...

Speller, F. N., Corrosion/Causes and Prevention, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1951. 

Methods for dealing with accidents, incidents, and emergency situations, investigating their cause, and preventing recurrence... 

Element 4.13 of ISO 9001 deals with specific nonconformities and element 4.14 deals with the action to eliminate their cause and prevent their recurrence. This additional ISO/TS 16949 requirement does seem to duplicate what is covered in clause 4.14.2. However, it does add a significant aspect - a reduction plan. One could be complying with elements 4.13 and 4.14 of ISO 9001 but have no reduction plan, since element 4.14 does not impose any time constraints on corrective action or require the incidence of nonconformity to be reduced. It is quite possible to take corrective action continuously and still not reduce the number of nonconformities. The requirement may be in the wrong place (i.e. in 4.13 rather than 4.14) but it is a useful addition nonetheless. 

Customer complaints are addressed under the heading of corrective action however, you should not limit your action to eliminating the cause and preventing recurrence. You also need to take remedial action to deal with the particular complaint - hence the requirements of element 4.13 also apply to the handling of customer complaints. 

Causes and Prevention 1114. Fishing Tools 1115. Free Point 1124. 

LaQue, F. L., Marine Corrosion, Causes and Prevention, John Wiley Sons, New York (1975) Schumacher, M., Sea Water Corrosion Handbook, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, N.J. (1979) Gilbert, P. T., Mater. Performance, 21 (2), 47 (1982)... 

Plastics Failure Guide Cause and Prevention , Myer Ezrin Hanser Gardner Pubis (1996) ISBN 1569901848. The focus of this book is on actual field and product failures. This comprehensive volume emphasizes cause and prevention and illustrates how and why a variety of plastic products... 

Bassett D.C. J. (1971) Causes and prevention of sepsis due to Gram-negative bacteria common sources of outbreaks. ProcR SocMed, 64, 980-986. 

NCI. 1976. Carcinogenesis bioassay of trichloroethylene (CAS No. 79-01-6). Bethesda, MD National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention, Carcinogenesis Program, Carcinogen Bioassay and Program Resources Branch. NCI-CG-TR-2, DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 76-802. 

Analytical Chemistry Section, Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20205... 

Greathouse, G. A. and C. J. Wessel (1954), Deterioration of Materials - Causes and Preventive Techniques, Reinhold, New York. 

Ames BN, Gold LW and Willett WC. 1995. The causes and prevention of cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(12) 5258—5265. 

In a special publication devoted to sulfide ore dust explosions, a dust explosion in a copper-zinc sulfide mine is discussed and related to causes and preventive measures [1]. Control measures [2] and prevention of secondary explosions are also discussed [3], and surveyed, including the need for further work [4], The results of experimental work on the use of limestone dust to suppress explosions in pyrites dusts are presented [5], For another special publication on ore dust explosion with numerous incidents and further studies on mechanism and control see [6], Explosibility declines in the order pyrrotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, covellite, chalcocite, galena. Pyrite at 1000 g/m3 can give a peak pressure of 5.8 bar [7], Self heating of broken sulfide ore, to possible ignition, has been studied. Pyrrhotite seems primarily responsible [8],... 

Carson, P. A., Mumford, C. J., Loss Prev. Bull. 1993, (109), 11 ibid., (110), 9 Existing information on solids spontaneously combustible in contact with air or water has been reviewed, with 145 references. Data relevant to the causes and prevention of spontaneous ignition are included, as well as the application of mathematical treatments to the problem, and available testing methods for assessing relevant factors in natural and manufactured products are discussed [1], A two part review of pyrophoric materials and precautions in handling them is given [2],... 

The lead in studying both the cause and prevention of molten metal-water thermal explosions has been taken by Alcoa. The Aluminum Association also sponsored several research programs both at Alcoa and at Battelle-Columbus. The Ai onne Natio Laboratory has carried out experiments with molten aluminum and water. 

Lipsett, S. G. (1966). Explosions from molten metals and water. Fire Technol. 2, 118. Long, G. (1957). Explosions of molten aluminum in water-cause and prevention. Met. Prog. 71(5), 107. 

Epidemiologists attempt to use data on trends to generate hypotheses about cause and prevention, but that work is beyond what we are investigating in this book. 

Facilities typically investigate incidents to determine their causes and prevent their recurrence. An incident is an unusual or unexpected event, which either resulted in, or had the potential to result in ... 

Gun rights advocates questioned whether these tight new laws would actually have any effect on crime. Gun control advocates endorsed a 1969 report by the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, which had undertaken a massive study of the conditions that had led to urban riots and other violence during the preceding decade. The commission s report recommended national regulation of handguns and. 

The National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence issues a report that includes recommendations for laws for the national registration of handguns and the licensing of handgun purchasers. 

Wiseman H. Dietary phytoestrogens, oestrogens and tamoxifen mechanisms of action in modulation of breast cancer risk and in heart disease prevention. In Biomolecular Free Radical Toxicity Causes and Prevention (H Wiseman, P Goldfarb, TJ Ridgway, A Wiseman, editors) John Wiley, Chichester, pp. 170-208, 2000. 

This work was supported by the M.I.T. Health Sciences Fund, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., The Marjorie Merriwether Post Foundation, and Public Health Services Contract NOl CPS3315 with the Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention, National Cancer Institute. 

P. Beyersdorfer, "Staub-Explosionen , Steinkopf, Dresden-Leipzig(1925) 13) D.J. Price, SafetyEngr 70, 144(1935) (Causes and prevention of dust explns and dust fires in industrial plants) 14) D.J. Price, Quart-... 

Younathan, M. T. (1985). Causes and prevention of warmed-over flavor. Reciprocal Meat Conference Proceedings 38, 74-79. 

A common problem with gap junction measurements is a rundown of gj in these preparations, for example in neonatal rat heart cells Schmilinsky-Fluri et al. [1990] found a decrease in g, of 16.4% in 6 min which could be antagonized by addition of a phospholipase inhibitor, 20 pmol/l bromophenacyl bromide, to 1.8% within 6 min. They suggested that endogenous arachidonic acid is involved in spontaneous uncoupling. Others favored a washout of ATP and cyclic nucleotides as a possible cause and prevented their preparations from spontaneous uncoupling by addition of ATP, GTP or cAMP to the pipette solution [Miiller et al., 1997a, b]. 

Entering a new millennium seems a good time to challenge some old ideas about cancer cause and prevention, which in our view... 

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