Accidents explosions

There have been occasions in which relatively large quantities of dioxins were released as the result of chemical or industrial accidents. Explosions at chemical plants in Seveso, Italy, in 1976 and at Bhopal, India, in 1984 are examples of such incidents. High levels of dioxin have also been found in animal feed on a few occasions the source and mechanism of this contamination have not always been clear. 

Minimize the potential for accidents—Design chemicals and their forms (solid, liquid, or gas) to minimize the potential for chemical accidents (explosions, fires, and releases to the environment)... 

Fire insurance and similar emergency coverage on buildings, equipment, and all other owned, used, or stored property. Included in this category would be losses caused by lightning, wind- or hailstorms, floods, automobile accidents, explosions, earthquakes, and similar occurrences. 

The article select 100 coal mine accident cases from all the accidents happened in 2001-2009 according to the reason type of coal mine accidents, including mine roof accident, gas accident, water disaster accident, transportation accident, mechanical and electrical accident, explosion accident, fire accident and other accidents. Though analysis the accidents process, acquainting accident investigation and handling, the accident reasons were found out. The reason of coal mine accidents in our country mainly includes the following four areas ... 

If a hazard is not avoided, ehminated, or controlled, its potential may be realized. Whatever names we use to identify those realizations—all of the types of events previously mentioned (incidents, near-misses, accidents, explosions, electrocutions, et al.)—they are all hazards-related incidents. 

Adjacent accidents (aircraft crash, adjacent fticQity e3q>losion) Jet fuel explosive conqionents within adjacent fecilities Heavy construction and basement location should limit damage from adjacent accident explosions. 

Ammcan Industrial Hygiene Association. Laboratory Health and Safety Committee. Laboratory Safety Incidents. Phenyl Azide Compound Erupts During a Vacuum Distillation available at http /Avww2. umdnj.edu/edissweb/aiha/accidents/explosion.htm Phenyl%20Azide (accessed September 22, 2009). 

The second part of the table shows the specific events for the three main types of accidents (explosion, fire, and loss of containment). The type of explosion was not specified in most cases (39%) for those in which it was specified, unconfined explosions and confined explosions have the same frequency, much lower than for physical explosions. 

Gaseous explosions also rank among those accidents which are almost invariably due to careless work. They are usually caused by ... 

G. S. Biasutti, Histoy of Accidents in the Explosive Industy, Vevey, Swit2edand, 1980. 

The next part of the procedure involves risk assessment. This includes a deterrnination of the accident probabiUty and the consequence of the accident and is done for each of the scenarios identified in the previous step. The probabiUty is deterrnined using a number of statistical models generally used to represent failures. The consequence is deterrnined using mostiy fundamentally based models, called source models, to describe how material is ejected from process equipment. These source models are coupled with a suitable dispersion model and/or an explosion model to estimate the area affected and predict the damage. The consequence is thus determined. 

The lower volatihty of JP-8 is a significant factor in the U.S. Air Force conversion from JP-4, since fires and explosions under both combat and ordinary handling conditions have been attributed to the use of JP-4. In examining the safety aspects of fuel usage in aircraft, a definitive study (15) of the accident record of commercial and military jet transports concluded that kerosene-type fuel is safer than wide-cut fuel with respect to survival in crashes, in-flight fires, and ground fueling accidents. However, the difference in the overall accident record is small because most accidents are not fuel-related. 

Concentrations of some dusts in the collector ( 50 g/m ) forming a possible fire or explosion hazard if a spark or flame is admitted by accident possibihty of fabrics burning if readily oxidizable dust is being collected... 

For many years the usual procedure in plant design was to identify the hazards, by one of the systematic techniques described later or by waiting until an accident occurred, and then add on protec tive equipment to control future accidents or protect people from their consequences. This protective equipment is often complex and expensive and requires regular testing and maintenance. It often interferes with the smooth operation of the plant and is sometimes bypassed. Gradually the industry came to resize that, whenever possible, one should design user-friendly plants which can withstand human error and equipment failure without serious effects on safety (and output and emciency). When we handle flammable, explosive, toxic, or corrosive materials we can tolerate only very low failure rates, of people and equipment—rates which it may be impossible or impracticable to achieve consistently for long periods of time. 

The annual economic risk of operating this unit is estimated to be 1 million because of fire and explosion accidents. 

We expect to lose Y dollars per year as a result of fire/explosion accidents in this process unit. 

Investigate the potential for unconfmed vapor cloud explosions resulting from accidents at the flammable storage tank area. 

Many sophisticated models and correlations have been developed for consequence analysis. Millions of dollars have been spent researching the effects of exposure to toxic materials on the health of animals the effects are extrapolated to predict effects on human health. A considerable empirical database exists on the effects of fires and explosions on structures and equipment. And large, sophisticated experiments are sometimes performed to validate computer algorithms for predicting the atmospheric dispersion of toxic materials. All of these resources can be used to help predict the consequences of accidents. But, you should only perform those consequence analysis steps needed to provide the information required for decision making. 

Consequence Phase 3 Develop Detailed Quantitative Estimate of the impacts of the Accident Scenarios. Sometimes an accident scenario is not understood enough to make risk-based decisions without having a more quantitative estimation of the effects. Quantitative consequence analysis will vary according to the hazards of interest (e.g., toxic, flammable, or reactive materials), specific accident scenarios (e.g., releases, runaway reactions, fires, or explosions), and consequence type of interest (e.g., onsite impacts, offsite impacts, environmental releases). The general technique is to model release rates/quantities, dispersion of released materials, fires, and explosions, and then estimate the effects of these events on employees, the public, the facility, neighboring facilities, and the environment. 

A logic model that graphically portrays the range of outcomes from the combinations of events and circumstances in an accident sequence. For example, a flammable vapor release may result in a fire, an explosion, or in no consequence depending on meteorological conditions, the degree of confinement, the presence of ignition sources, etc. These trees are often shown with the probability of each outcome at each branch of the pathway... 

All sorts of accidents (the sudden collapsing of bridges, sudden explosion of steam boilers) have occurred - and still do - due to this effect. In all cases, the critical stress - above which enough energy is available to provide the tearing energy needed to... 

In the incident some of the "hot" tubes became overheated, and started to bulge. Eventually one of the tubes burst open and the contents of the boiler were discharged into the environment. No one was injured in the explosion, but it took several months to repair the boiler and the cost was heavy. In order to prevent another accident, a materials specialist was called in to examine the failed tube and comment on the reasons for the failure. 

Cathodic protection of water power turbines is characterized by wide variations in protection current requirements. This is due to the operating conditions (flow velocity, water level) and in the case of the Werra River, the salt content. For this reason potential-controlled rectifiers must be used. This is also necessary to avoid overprotection and thereby damage to the coating (see Sections 5.2.1.4 and 5.2.1.5 as well as Refs. 4 and 5). Safety measures must be addressed for the reasons stated in Section 20.1.5. Notices were fixed to the turbine and the external access to the box headers which warned of the danger of explosion from hydrogen and included the regulations for the avoidance of accidents (see Ref. 4). 

Gaseous monomers may also be trapped within the processing equipment and accidents have occurred as a consequence of the resulting pressure buildup. In the case of the polyacetals and poly(vinyl chloride) it is reported that at elevated temperatures these materials form a more or less explosive combination so that it is important to separate these materials rigorously at the processing stage. 

Checks on the adequacy and location of fire-fighting, emergency rescue and alarm equipment Practice in emergency situations Emergency procedures for Eire/explosion Toxic release Serious accidents Spillage... 

---