Safety explosion hazards

As mentioned earlier, tetraalkylammonium hexafluorophosphate and tetra-fluoroborate salts are replacing the corresponding perchlorates for general use. There does not appear to be any reason to use the perchlorates in view of the potential safety (explosion) hazard that they present [42,71,72]. A number of methods for preparation of hexafluorophosphate and tetrafluoroborate salts have been reported [9-11,57,73]. 

S. Crane. Chemical safety explosion hazard. Chemical Engineering News 87(75) 2- (April 13, 2009) available at http //pubs.acs. org/cen/letters/87/87151etters.html (accessed April 16, 2009). 

Checklists. A checklist is simply a detailed Hst of safety considerations. The purpose of this Hst is to provide a reminder to safety issues such as chemical reactivity, fire and explosion hazards, toxicity, and so forth. This type of checklist is used to determine hazards, and differs from a procedure checklist which is used to ensure that the correct procedure is followed. 

Manufacturers of benzene are requited by federal law to pubHsh Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) that describe in detail the procedures for its safe handling. Benzene is classified as a flammable Hquid and should be stored away from any potential source of ignition. Fine and explosion hazard data for benzene are shown (91). 

R. C. Santon, Explosion Hazards at CHP and CCGT Plants, Hazards XIII Process Safety—The Future, Symposium Series No. 141, Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, UK, 1997. 

The rapid growth and expansion of the chemical industry has been accompanied by a spontaneous rise in human, material, and property losses because of fires, explosions, hazardous and toxic spills, equipment failures, other accidents, and business interruptions. Concern over the potential consequences of catastrophic accidents, particularly at chemical and petrochemical plants, has sparked interest at both the industrial and regulatory levels in obtaining a better understanding of the subject of this book Health, Safety, and Accident Management (HS AM). The writing of this book was undertaken, in part, as a result of this growing concern. 

All the data on health and fire/explosion hazards for compounds and (if possible) mixtures to be dealt with in a process should be collected in the form of an MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet). It is common practice for users to require that suppliers attach an MSDS to all batches of materials delivered. 

R = 8.3145 kJ-K 1-kmol 1 and T is the reactor temperature (K). T is also the supply temperature of A whose yet unknown inventory mA is in the form of a superheated liquid. The total amount of B to be produced is 1000 kmol. T and mA are to be selected with the additional consideration of safety. The normal boiling point of A is 70°C, its latent heat of vaporization is 25,000 kJ-kmol-1, the liquid specific heat capacity is 140 kJ-kmol K 1, and its heat of combustion is 2.5 x 106 k.bkrnol. The residence time of the reactor is 1 min, and the safety is measured in terms of fire and explosion hazards on the basis of the theoretical combustion energy resulting form catastrophic failure of the equipment. 

Finely divided aluminium powder or dust forms highly explosive dispersions in air [1], and all aspects of prevention of aluminium dust explosions are covered in 2 recent US National Fire Codes [2], The effects on ignition properties of impurities introduced by recycled metal used to prepare dust were studied [3], Pyrophoricity is eliminated by surface coating aluminium powder with polystyrene [4], Explosion hazards involved in arc and flame spraying of the powder are analysed and discussed [5], and the effect of surface oxide layers on flammability was studied [6], The causes of a severe explosion in 1983 in a plant producing fine aluminium powder are analysed, and improvements in safety practices discussed... 

Various secondary sources of safety data are now listing this as an explosive. I can find no primaiy source for this classification, which seems very improbable. Simple minded use of many computational hazard prediction procedures would show thermodynamically that this compound, like most lower amines, could hypothetically convert to alkane, ammonia and nitrogen with sufficient energy (about 3 kJ/g) to count as an explosion hazard. This reaction is not known to happen. (Simple minded thermodynamicists would rate this book, or computer, and its reader as a severe hazard in an air environment.) Like other bases, iminobispropylamine certainly sensitises many nitro-explosives to detonation. It is used experimentally to study the effect, which may have found technical exploitation and, garbled, could have led to description of the amine as itself an explosive. 

HSE, Explosion Hazard Assessment A Study of the Feasibility and Benefits of Extending Current HSE Methodology to Take Account of Blast Sheltering, Health and Safety Executive report HSL/2001/04, Sheffield, 2001. 

Figure 6-6 Flammability diagram for methane at an initial temperature and pressure of 25°C and 1 atm. Source C. V. Mashuga and D. A. Crowl, Application of the Flammability Diagram for Evaluation of Fire and Explosion Hazards of Flammable Vapors, Process Safety Progress (1998), 17(3) 176-183.

To implement inherent safety in practice, a method to estimate the inherent safety of different design alternatives is needed. Methods such as Dow and Mond Indices are commonly used in chemical industry, but their point is mostly in fire and explosion hazards. They also often need detailed information on the... 

A frequently used safety index in process industry is for instance the Dow Fire Explosion Hazard Index (1987). The Dow F E Index gives penalties for fired equipment and certain specified rotating equipment. These are a part of the Special Process Hazards, within which the penalties of a process unit are summed. 

Safety of Reactive Chemicals and Pyrotechnics (Yoshida et al. 1995). Addresses both the hazardous properties of reactive chemicals and appropriate handling methods. Describes several test methods and the evaluation of fire and explosion hazards of reactive substances, including the impact of initiating events such as earthquakes. 

CSB 2002a. Case Study. "The Explosion at Concept Sciences Hazards of Hydroxylamine." Report No. 1999-13-C-PA. U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. March. 

A site specific study is the most comprehensive approach. Site specific studies to identify and quantify explosion hazards are usually conducted by the owner s process safety specialist or by specialty consultants. There are several steps which need to be taken, each of which may be done in a variety of ways. The steps are outlined below with some of the available methods. More detailed information is available in CCPS Building Guidelines and API RJ -752. 

In fact, coal-bed methane is an explosive hazard in underground mining operations and for safety reasons has traditionally been vented with mines fresh air circulation. Since the 1970s, methane captured from underground mining has increasingly been used to supplement local gas supplies (WEA, 2000). 

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