Liquid baths

The elimination of the liquid baths and, in consequence, the absence of burns due to accidental breakage of the ordinary glass apparatus. 

AT = average temperature difference between the fluid in the coil and the liquid bath, °F d = pipe outside diameter, in. 

Heat sources for distillation must be closely controlled to prevent overheating or too rapid distillation. The best heat sources are electrically heated liquid baths. Mineral oil or wax is a satisfactory medium for heat exchange up to about 240°. The medium may be... 

Badflfissigkeit, /. bath liquid, bath solution. Badian, m. Chinese anise, star anise, badian Illicium verum). -ol, n. star anise oil. badisch, a. of Baden. — badische Saure, badische acid, 2-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid. 

Flussigkeits-. liquid, fluid, hydraulic, hydrostatic. -bad, n. liquid bath, -dichtemesser, m. hydrometer, -druck, m. pressure of a liquid, hydrostatic pressure, -ffirderung, /. conveyance of liquids, -gemisch, n. mixture of liquids, liquid mixture, -grad, m. degree of fluidity viscosity. -gradmesser, m. viscosimeter. -Unse, /. (Micros.) immersion objective, -mass, n. liquid measure, -menge. 

M.p.s were usually determined in a capillary tube in a liquid bath, and those marked with an asterisk were measured on a hot-plate. = chloroform m = methanol w — water. 

Thirdly, one experiment to measure D was carried out with the sandwich of electrodes and polymeric porphyrin film exposed to a gas phase rather than a fluid liquid bathing environment. This... 

If 1/8 in. catalyst pellets are packed in 1 in. ID tubes, which in turn are immersed in a liquid bath that maintains the tube walls at 300 °F, consider the effects of varying the feed temperature and of diluting the feed with N2 to moderate... 

A vertical belt is moving upward continuously through a liquid bath, at a velocity V. A film of the liquid adheres to the belt, which tends to drain downward due to gravity. The equilibrium thickness of the film is determined by the steady-state condition at which the downward drainage velocity of the surface of the film is exactly equal to the upward velocity of the belt. Derive an equation for the film thickness if the fluid is (a) Newtonian (b) a Bingham plastic. 

Hoffman, J. P., A Look at the Problems Facing the Developer of Smelting Reduction using the Liquid Bath Approach, Steel Res., 62 331 (1991)... 

The freezing of liquids in vials, bottles or flasks in a liquid bath is the most common freezing method used in laboratories. As the liquid must have a low melting point, alcohol (ethanol, melting point -114 °C) cooled by C02 (boiling point -80 °C at 1 atm) is frequently used. The bath can also be cooled by refrigerated coils. 

Alkyl Sulfates (AS) R-O-SO3 X R=C12-C18 Laundry detergents Wool-washing agents, soap bars and liquid bath soaps, hair shampoos, and toothpastes - STPs effluents C12-15 AS between 1.2 and 12 pg L 1 [15] Fast biodegradation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Effective removal in WWTPs [18]... 

Alkyl Ether Sulfates (AES) R=Cio C14 m=l-4 Liquid bath soaps, hair shampoos, and mechanical dishwashing agents. Ingredient in industrial cleaning agents - Effluents of seven representative STPs Cl2-15 AES 3 and 12 pg L 1 [15] Readily biodegradable in WWTPs under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions [18,29]... 

Kazakov, N.F., Osokin, A.M., Shishkova, A.P. Processing of metals and construction materials. Moscow, Metallurgy, 1975. (in Russian). 6. Melting in liquid bath. / A.V. Vanukov, Moscow, Metallurgy, 1988. (in Russian). 

The ions are regarded as rigid balls moving in a liquid bath. It is assumed that the macroscopic laws of motion in a viscous medium hold, and that the electrostatic interaction is determined by the theory of continuous dielectrics. This assumption implies that the moving particles are large compared to the molecular structure of the liquid. The most successful results of continuous theories can be found in any textbook of physical chemistry Stokes , law for viscous motion, Einstein s derivation of the dependence of viscosity on the concentration... 

Finally, in the English-speaking countries, there is another extensively used method in which a rod is supported at its two ends and a load is placed on the center this is slowly heated in a liquid bath until a certain distortion is attained the temperature at which this occurs is called the heat distortion temperature (HDT). These methods are applicable both to thermoplastics and to crosslinked polymers. Interconversion of the softening temperatures determined by the different techniques is not possible. 

Apply full heat to the liquid bath and when the temperature of the sample reaches 190 F (87.S C), adjust the heat input so that the temp of the sample increases at a rate of 2 tO. 5 F (11 0.25 C)/min Note 6 The heaters on some testers do not have sufficient capacity to maintain the proper rate of heating when the temperature approaches 250 F (121.1 C) or above. The heat input to the liquid bath may be increased if necessary by using a variable transformer to increase the voltage on the heater or by wrapping the bath with electrical heating tape. The application of suitable insulation to the outdide of the bath to prevent heat loss is also permissible. The important factor is to maintain the rate of temp increase of the sample at 2i 0.5F (1—0.25 C)/min... 

B. 3-Methylfuran. A mixture of 25 g. of 3-methyl-2-furoic acid, 50 g. of quinoline (Note 2), and 4.5 g. of copper powder is placed in a 125-ml. round-bottomed flask attached by a ground joint to a 30-cm. simple Vigreux column which delivers to a water-cooled condenser. The condenser is connected to a small distilling flask which serves as a receiver, with the tip of the condenser extending to the edge of the bulb of the flask. The receiver is cooled in an ice-salt bath (Note 3). The round-bottomed flask is heated by means of an electric mantle or liquid bath. 

B. Methyl 3-methyl-2-furoate. The crude glycidic ester prepared as described above is placed in a 300-ml. flask which is attached to a 12-cm. column filled with %6-inch glass helices (or a 50-cm. simple Vigreux column) and heated in a liquid bath. When the pot temperature reaches about 160°, or before, methanol begins to distil. Heating is continued until the distillation of methanol essentially ceases and about the theoretical amount (64 g.) has been collected. After the heating bath has been allowed to cool, the product is distilled at reduced pressure b.p. 72-78°/8 mm., yield 91-98 g. (65-70%) (Note 7). The ester solidifies in the receiver as an essentially pure compound, m.p. 34.5-36.5° (Note 8). 

Most combustion processes are chain-branching, but other examples of chain-branching reactions are also found in industrial systems. Chain-branching reaction systems are potentially explosive, and for this reason great care must be taken to avoid safety hazards in dealing with them. The explosion behavior of gaseous fuels as a function of stoichiometry, temperature, and pressure has been an important research area [241]. Experimental data are typically obtained in a batch reactor, a spherical vessel immersed in a liquid bath maintained at a specific temperature. The desire to understand the explosion behavior of various... 

Membranes which were prepared from crosslinked PVBC were typically functionalized by immersing the solid PVBC and polyethylene film into a liquid bath containing reactants. This procedure was followed to obtain membranes functionalized with the MPE, IPE and PA... 

This system involves the use of some form of heating by air or steam in a chamber in a manner such that the vulcanization occurs immediately after the rubber is formed in an extruder or calender. This is a suitable process for extruded profiles and calendered sheets and conveyor belts. Liquid curing method (LCM) is also a continuous process which involves the use of suitable hot liquid baths in which extruded profiles can be passed through and vulcanized continuously. Items can be cured rapidly at temperatures from 200°C to 300°C however the compounds must be suitably designed to prevent porosity as this is a common problem with any extrudate. Suitable materials for curing medium includes bismuth-tin alloys, an eutectic mixture of potassium nitrate and... 

Automatic headspace samplers are available from manufacturers of gas chromatographs. These devices are based on the technique of sampling an amount of vapor above the sample itself. Samples are sealed, neat or in a suitable solvent, in containers, and hold at a preset temperature in a thermostatted liquid bath. The headspace vapor results as a partition equilibrium is established between the liquid or solid and the gaseous phase of the volatiles. As each sample is presented to the analyzer, the vessel is punctured and a portion of the headspace gas is withdrawn by a pneumatic injection technique and forced into the column. The main application for those samplers is in the routine analysis of low-boiling fractions in samples containing nonvolatile solids or high-boiling components. Some of the more popular applications today are ... 

The best known of the bending tests using a simple jig was probably the method at one time standardised as ASTM D736. The test consisted of bending a strip between two platens and in its original form air was specified as the heat transfer medium, but more often a liquid bath was used in practice. Because of the simplicity of apparatus, it is still occasionally referred to under the D736 number even although this was discontinued in 1967. 

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