Functional viewpoint

Performance evaluation in these companies usually focuses on cost, with the budget as the primary control. Procurement is measured on the purchase cost of material and material overhead rates. Manufacturing has measures such as direct labor productivity and the cost of quality of delivered products. Distribution effectiveness is measured on the percentage of selling price represented by distribution cost and inventory turnover rates. 

In the functional organization, strong department heads sponsor change projects. Cross-talk in pursuit of interdepartmental process improvement is minimal. Information systems also center on the needs of the departments. Projects may or may not improve the supply chain as a whole. In fact, a local optimum can be injurious to the whole, yet department heads take credit for their savings. Where the functional viewpoint prevails, the actual impact of improvement projects on the total supply chain is not measured. 

---

Parr RG, Donnelly RA, Levy M, Palke WE (1978) Electronegativity the density functional viewpoint. J Chem Phys 68(8) 3801-3807... 

A working knowledge of the ESR technique requires an elementary background in certain aspects of quantum mechanics. Such information is well documented in texts on the subject however, it is often difficult to find a concise review of the essential operations for spin systems. The limited material presented here, particularly in the appendices, is given solely to introduce (or refresh) the reader in the procedures for such operations. The material is presented strictly from a functional viewpoint, and no attempt has been made to justify the procedures from elementary... 

With the possible exception of delay fuses, any pyrotechnic mixture represents a hazard worthy of report. Although the cause of frequent accidents reviewed in [2], compositions intended to explode or deflagrate are generally outside the field of this work and few are listed. Numerous reviews and specialist texts exist and hundreds of patents appear yearly. The account [1] of the theory and practice of pyrotechnics contains much useful information on the performance and potential hazards of a great variety of oxidant-fuel combinations which burn very rapidly or explosively. Safety measures are found in [2], Other reviews written from a functional viewpoint are found in [3] and [4], Some hazardously incompatible pyrotechnic mixes are reported [5], Detonability of pyrotechnic compositions has... 

For Kosan and others in the pharmaceutical industry, the intent is to learn enough about these enzymes from a structure-function viewpoint so they can be manipulated. Because polyketides are built by starting from one point and continuing sequentially along the pathway dictated by protein structure, a biochemist can trace through a molecule and make structure-function predictions for the assembly enzymes with reasonable accuracy. Using recombinant DNA methods,... 

This is apparent in the case of industrial systems [6]0, which are making increasing use of the capabilities offered by open networks for remotely accessing sensors and actuators for their operation and maintenance. Control and supervision systems are typically embedded in other critical infrastructures electric power, potable water, oil and gas, railways, etc. The potential advantages from the economic and functional viewpoints are unquestionable less often studied are the risks that these connections might... 

In this section we have discussed the concept of chaotic versus regular states, from the spatial correlation function viewpoint. Below, we make use of the tools developed in this section to examine the role played by these qualitatively different states in reaction dynamics. 

The functional viewpoint has been adopted to design additional (lower) hierarchic levels. Examples of the lierarchic levels 3 and 4 for control systems are shown in Table 4,... 

What the system or object is doing (function viewpoint) ... 

New techniques in such studies— radioisotopes, litter bags, use of insecticides, and other experimental approaches—can provide a fresh insight into the ecological problems confronting biologists and agronomists alike. Such experimentation is best approached from a functional viewpoint that is, an over-all consideration of the ecosystem as a dynamic unit, and the soil fauna and soil microflora as parts of that unit... 

---