Stored fuels

Lead-loaded plastics containing up to 90 wt % lead are used in x-ray protection as aprons and temporary shields in medical and industrial appHcations. Leaded glass is used to attenuate radiation where viewing the ongoing process is requited. Steel-jacketed containers fihed with lead or special lead containers are used to transfer, ship, and store fuel rods, radioactive sources, and nuclear waste. Lead is generahy used where space is limited. 

Evaporative Emission. Fumes emitted from stored fuel or fuel left in the fuel dehvery system are also regulated by U.S. EPA standards. Gasoline consists of a variety of hydrocarbons ranging from high volatility butane (C-4) to lower volatility C-8 to C-10 hydrocarbons. The high volatility HCs are necessary for cold start, and are especially necessary for temperatures below which choking is needed to start the engine. Stored fuel and fuel left in the fuel system evaporates into the atmosphere. 

VOCs are emitted indoors by building materials (e.g., paints, pressed wood products, adhesives, etc.), equipment (photocopying machines, printers, etc.), cleaning products, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, and combustion activities (cooking, unvented space heating, tobacco smoking, indoor vehicle use). 

Thus, metal hydrides provide a safe method for storing fuel in hydrogen-powered vehicles. Charging and discharging of the hydride tanks is a process that can be repeated an indefinite number of times provided that the hydride material does not become contaminated. 

To reduce body mass by burning off stored fuel. This is put forward as one mechanism by which the amount of triacylglycerol stored in adipose tissue can be reduced (Chapters 7, 12 and 15). 

Figure 8.31 Comparison of glutamine as a fuel in the blood with glucose and fatty acids. The concentration of glutamine in the blood is similar to that of fatty acid. The amount of glutamine stored in muscle is similar to the amount of glycogen stored in the liver that is, about 80 g. Mobilisation of each of these stored fuels is discussed in Chapters 6, 7, 17 and 18. It appears that glutamine is stored free in the cytosol. Polyglutamine on vesicles containing glutamine have not been found.

However, organic peroxides will still form in stored fuel, and their gradual accumulation can contribute to elastomer degradation throughout the fuel storage and distribution system. Hydroperoxide formation and accumulation can be readily controlled by the addition of low levels of traditional fuel oil stabilizers. 

Tanks used to store fuel are usually emptied and filled on a continuous basis. Although most fuel refiners and marketers maintain some type of routine tank maintenance schedule, water and debris still accumulate. 

Polysaccharides (glycans) serve as stored fuel and as structural components of cell walls and extracellular matrix. 

The homopolysaccharides starch and glycogen are stored fuels in plant, animal, and bacterial cells. They consist of D-glucose with linkages, and all three contain some branches. 

In addition to their important roles as stored fuels (starch, glycogen, dextran) and as structural materials (cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycans), polysaccharides and oligosaccharides are information carriers they serve as destination labels for some proteins and as mediators of specific cell-cell interactions and interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix. Specific carbohydrate-containing molecules act in cell-cell recognition and... 

Tanks to store fuel above ground must be built as above-ground tanks tanks built as underground tanks cannot be used as above-ground tanks. 

Of course, this is similar in trend to the performance of an internal combustion engine the faster one drives (i.e., the more power demanded), the fewer miles per gallon one obtains from the fuel (i.e., the less is the energy available from a given amount of stored fuel). 

The superior watt hours kg-1 offered by fuel cells (see Fig. 13.52) must again not be taken as a threat to batteries. The realm of effectiveness of batteries encompasses situations where it would be impractical to store fuel to make electricity on the spot. Such situations are widespread, particularly in powering portable equipment, from telephones to tape recorders. 

The human organism is well adapted to intermittent availability of food. When we eat, excess energy is stored for future use during intervals of scarcity. Indeed, this fed-fasted cycle is a daily phenomenon, with mobilization of stored fuel used to sustain the individual and maintain critical concentrations of blood sugar during the night. 

Combustion of fuels produces and releases pollutants such as hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Air pollutants are also released by some household products—for instance, paints, paint strippers, solvents, wood preservatives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents, stored fuels, and automotive products. 

During fasting (e.g., between meals or overnight), stored fuels are used to derive the energy needed to survive until the next meal. 

The level of insulin in the blood increases in the fed state and promotes fuel storage the level of glucagon increases in the fasting state and promotes the release of stored fuel. 

As blood glucose levels decrease after a meal, insulin levels decrease and glucagon levels increase, stimulating the release of stored fuels into the blood. 

It is more advantageous for the human body to store fuel as triacylglycerol in adipose tissue than as protein in muscle because adipose triacylglycerol stores contain... 

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