Polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene

An oral dental riase geaeraHy coasists of water, alcohol, a humectant, an emulsifier, flavor, color, and an active agent. Water is the primary vehicle. The alcohol provides bite and is also a formulation aid. The humectant improves the feel ia the mouth and also prevents locking of the cap to the container between uses glycerin or noncrystaUiziag sorbitol may be satisfactory. The emulsifier is a nonionic type, for example, a polyoxyethylene—polyoxypropylene block copolymer or a polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester. Flavors are generally a type of mint or cinnamon. Colors are FD C or D C. 

Dewatering surfactants can be polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, and polyethylene carbonates [1348] or p-tert-amylphenol condensed with formaldehyde, or they can be composed of a copolymer from 80% to 100% alkyl methacrylate monomers and hydrophilic monomers [777]. Such a well treatment fluid may be used in both fracturing and competition operations to enhance and maintain fracture conductivity over an extended period of production. 

Polar polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene (POEPOP) resin, deriva-tized with a 4-hydroxymethyl phenoxy linker, was used as a solid support for lanthanide triflate-catalyzed Mukaiyama-type solid-phase aldol reactions.282 The use of an aqueous solvent was found to be crucial. The reactions on an N-terminal peptide aldehyde substrate proceeded in very high yields. 

Emulsifiers. Natural lecithin is one of the most widely used emulsifiers because it is metabolized in the body. However, type I allergic reaction to soybean lecithin emulsified in lipid solutions has been observed [195], Among the synthetic emulsifying agents, block copolymers of polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene (poloxamer) have attracted increasing interest for parenteral emulsions. Other examples of emulsifiers commonly found in parenteral formulations are given in Table 9 [190]. 

Schmolka, I.R. and Raymond, A.J. "Micelle Formation of Polyoxyethylene-Polyoxypropylene Surfactants," 1965 Annual Spring Meeting American Oil Chemists Society, Houston, April 26. 

Examples of nonionic emulsifiers are polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, fatty alcohol ether, polyethylene (or polypropylene), glycol fatty acid esters, lecithin, lanolin, cholesterol, etc... 

Polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monolaurate Polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monopalmitate Polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monostearate Polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monooleate Sorbitan monooleate Sorbitan trioleate Sorbitan monostearate Sorbitan monopalmitate Sorbitan monolaurate Polyoxyl 35 castor oil Polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil Polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block copolymer... 

Prasad, K. N., T. T. Luong, A. T. Florence, J. Paris, C. Vaution, M. SeillerandF. Puisieux. 1979. Surface activity and association of ABA polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymers in aqueous solution. 

Nonionic Polyoxyethylene (pOE or EO) Polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene (pOE/pOPor EO/PO) Carbohydrates... 

Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Dodecyl ether of polyoxyethylene glycol Polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyol Polyoxyethylene glycol 400 monolaurate Anionic surfactants... 

Polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block co-polymers Poloxomers, Pluronic F-68 o/w ... 

Lutrol Monolan Pluronic poloxalkol polyethylene-propylene glycol copolymer polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymer Supronic Synperonic. 

Poloxamers are nonionic polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers used primarily in pharmaceutical formulations as emulsifying or solubilizing agents.The polyoxyethylene... 

These are stable micelles that are formed with polymeric surfactants. Amphiphilic block copolymers such as the pluronics (polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymers) are able to self-assemble into polymeric micelles and hydrophobic drugs may be solubilized within the core of the micelle or, alternatively, conjugated to the micelle-forming polymer. Although micelles are rather dynamic systems that continuously exchange units between the micelle structure and the free units in solution, those composed of polyoxyethylene - poly(aspartic acid) have been found sufficiently... 

Block and graft polymers are widely used as steric stabilizers. Since the two blocks are separated in the molecule, they can be designed chemically, by use of the proper functional groups and degree of polymerization, for optimum efficiency and effectiveness. One block should be designed to adsorb strongly onto the particle surface (and also have limited solubility in the liquid phase), the other block(s) to extend into the liquid phase (good compatibility with and/or interaction with the liquid phase). One commonly used type is the polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene... 

The use of synthetic emulsifiers gave different results for instance, the use of 1% (w/w) of the polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer Pluronic PE... 

In particular, the effects of various stabilizers of the primary emulsion on the encapsulation of SCG were studied. Different hydrophilic polymers were employed namely gelatin (250 Bloom grades) or the polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, poloxamer 407. To further optimize the encapsulation yield, some experimental contrivances have been performed dispersion by turbine of the drug within the lipidic matrix, rapid emulsion cooling using an ice bath, and rapid separation of LS by filtration. The optimized procedure resulted in a final encapsulation of the drug of 50% (Table 2.10). 

Diblock polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene styrenic macromonomers, with the polymerizable group at the end of the hydrophobic part have been prepared and used in styrene emulsion polymerization [34]. Latexes of high stability towards added electrolyte have been obtained. However the HLB was not well-optimized so that a high amount of coagulum was formed (Surfmer XI). 

Atkinson TP, Smith TF, Hunter RL. In vitro release of histamine from murine mast cells by block co-polymers composed of polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene. J Immunol 1988 141 1302-1306. 

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