Emission standards implementation

CI-4 2002, for high-speed, four-stroke engines designed to meet 2004 emission standards implemented in 2002. Formulated to sustain engine durability where exhaust gas recirculation, EGR, is used. Some CI-4 lubricants may qualify for CI-4 PLUS status. Intended for fuels containing up to 0.5% sulphur. Can replace CD, CE, CF-4 and CG-4 lubricants. 

V. Means for Implementing Emission Standards References Suggested Reading Questions... 

In 1999, the EPA proposed stringent standards applicable to model year 2004 vehicles. Thus, the EPA continues to implement technology-forcing regulations, in which EPA tasks manufacturers with an emissions standard, and industry must develop... 

In April of 1998, the EPA published a final rule for emission of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), hydrocarbons (EIC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and smoke opacity for newly manufactured and rcmanufacturcd locomotives. The rulemaking took effect in 2000 and is estimated by the EPA to cost the railroads 80 million per year—about 163 per ton of NOx reduced, according to EPA figures. The emissions standards for the several pollutants will be implemented in three tiers—for locomotives... 

The final emission standard under the BIF regulations limits the unit s output of HCI and chlorine gas (Cl j). These compounds combine with water in the air to form acid rain. They are also a known cause of human respiratory problems. The emission controls are implemented in the same way as the metal emissions, using the tiered approach. The owner/operator has a choice of three tiers with varying focal points. The Tier I and Tier II screening levels for waste feed and stack emission limits are located in Part 266, Appendices II and III.5... 

The NESHAPs were issued by U.S. EPA for air quality protection from HWCs. The standards implement a section of the CAA by requiring HWCs to meet HAP emission standards reflecting the application of the MACT.30... 

U.S. EPA promulgated MACT standards for most HWCs on September 30, 1999. These emission standards created a technology-based national cap for HAP emission from the combustion of hazardous waste in these devices. A number of parties, representing both industrial and environmental communities, requested judicial review of this rule, and challenged its emission standards and several implementation provisions. On July 24,2001, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated the emission standards however, it allowed EPA to promulgate interim standards that were in place since February 13, 2002. U.S. EPA issued the new Final Rule and standards on April 20, 2004. Today s standards30 31 shown in Tables 23.5 and 23.6 result from the above judiciary and regulatory actions. 

The US Environmental Protection Agency recently announced its intention to develop and implement new Clean Air Act Standards for industrial coatings operations within the next year. These emission standards will eventually require companies involved in fabric printing, coating and dyeing operations to comply with Maximum Achievable Control standards. The Hazardous Air Pollutants emission limits that will apply to facilities and the impact on fabric coating operations are discussed. USA... 

RACT reasonably available control technology standards implemented in areas of nonattainment to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides. 

The Clean Air Act of 1970 established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQSs) and set New Source Performance Standards (NSPSs) that regulated the amount of emissions to be permitted from a new source in an area. The act also required individual states to create their own state implementation plans (SIPs), and set stiff fines for violation of clean air regulations and established a clear and specific schedule for compliance with the new legislation. A1977 amendment to the act dealt primarily with motor vehicle emission standards. 

First, the use of emissions standards, which establish a level of emissions into the air and water above which emitters are fined, implies that emissions below the standard are "free" to the emitter. An explicit market could achieve the same distributional result but only by explicitly giving away initial rights, an activity thought to be politically difficult to implement. ... 

In the USA, for Tier 2 emission limits different bins have been defined. Passenger cars are certified in any of the available bins by choice of the vehicle manufacturer. With full implementation in 2009, the average NOx emission of the entire light-duty fleet sold by each manufacturer must meet 0.07 g/mile. For the individual bins, the full useful life emission limits are displayed in Table I. The very strict California low emission vehicle (LEV) II emission standards are covered in the lower number bins to make certification easier for vehicle manufacturers. 

As a result of atmospheric pollution levels that exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in many parts of the United States, both the federal government and the State of California have implemented standards for exhaust and evaporative emissions from new vehicles (see Exhaust control, AUTOMOTIVE). The first of these standards went into effect in 1968 and mandated that the vapors from the vehicle crankcase be routed back through the engine and burned. Since then, the standards have continued to grow stricter. Table 7 shows the federal exhaust emission standards and Table 8 shows the more stringent California standards. California has mandated that starting in 1998 a certain percentage of new vehicles sales must be zero emissions vehicles (ZEV). 

In October 2005, under authority of the Clean Air Act and RCRA, the EPA issued its final national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants from hazardous waste combustors. The standards require hazardous waste combustors to meet hazardous air pollutant emission standards reflecting the application of maximum achievable controllable technology (MACT). These standards are applicable to any hazardous waste incinerator, including the chemical agent disposal facilities. In some states, separate air permits are issued to hazardous waste incinerators, while in others the RCRA permit requirements are adopted or changed to implement the requirements of the new MACT emissions standards for controlling the following pollutants ... 

The areas of interest in the field of emergency planning and response are the sections concerning State Implementation Plans (SIPS) and those for die National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs). 

The statutory requirements addressed by each option are identified in the seventh column of Table X titled Statutory program. The specified compliance dates for each statutory program are also shown in the table, as are the implementation times for each option. Since the maximum achievable control technology (MACT) requirements have not yet been specified by EPA, projects directed toward those requirements have not yet been undertaken. That being the case, the implementation times identified indicate that options 5, 8, and 9 may have difficulty achieving timely compliance with these regulatory requirements. To proceed with the analysis, requirements that might be imposed under MACT were hypothesized to specify the performance characteristics of the associated pollution prevention options. It should be noted that only those options related with compliance with the Benzene Waste NESHAP (National Emissions Standard for... 

Clean Air Act (CAA 42 U.S. Code 7401 et seq.). States and state air control boards are required to implement regulations and develop state implementation plans (SIP) (137). Hazardous air pollutants (HAP), such as n-hexane, are regulated with National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) and criteria pollutants [e.g., ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and lead (Pb)] are regulated with National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). 

The incidence of perceptible formaldehyde in homes, offices and schools has caused widespread uncertainty about the safety of living with formaldehyde. This uncertainty was enhanced by the large scale installation of urea formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI) because a substantial part of this material was made from small scale resin batches prepared under questionable quality control conditions, and was installed by unskilled operators (10). The only reliable way to avoid such uncertainty is to know the emission rate of products and develop a design standard that allows prediction of indoor air levels. The first and most important step in this direction was achieved with the development and implementation of material emission standards. As indicated above, Japan led the field in 1974 with the introduction of the 24-hr desiccator test (6), FESYP followed with the formulation of the perforator test, the gas analysis method, and later with the introduction of air chambers (5). In the U.S. the FTM-1 (32) production test and the FTM-2 air chamber test (33) have made possible the implementation of a HUD standard for mobile homes (8) that is already implemented in some 90% of the UF wood production (35), regardless of product use. 

NOx and NMHC standards will be phased in for diesel engines between 2007 and 2010. In Japan, diesel emission standards require that in-use, on-road, light commercial vehicles in the specified categories should meet NO emissions of 0.25 g/km starting from the end of 2005 and achieve full implementation by 2011. Also, Table... 

North American emission requirements Two sets of US Federal emission standards are defined for cars and light-duty trucks, Tier 1 and Tier 2. Tier 1 requirements were published in 1991 and fully implemented in 1997. Tier 2 standards were adopted in 1999 and began to be phased in commencing in 2004. The emission targets for each vehicle depend upon its weight and service type. 

States must implement this act using the federal standards as minimum, and can set their own emission standards for any or all species. 

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