Motor vehicle emissions

S. Albu, "California s Regulatory Perspective on Alternate Euels," 13th North American Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Conf (Tampa, Fla., Dec. 11—14, 1990), Mobile Source Division, California Air Resources Board, El Monte, Calif. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2000). Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles Tier 2 Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Sulfur Control Requirements. Federal Register 65 6698-6870. 

Air quality suffers from this increasing congestion as well. Motor vehicles create the majority of air quality problems in urban areas, so for cities to comply with stringent ambient air quality standards, they will have to reduce motor vehicle emissions. Trucking accounts for only 4 percent of the U.S. motor vehicle fleet, yet can easily be responsible for 30 to 40 percent of the air quality problems because, in comparison to automobiles, the fleet is far older, is driven far more miles each year, and the emissions per vehicle are far greater. 

Gordon, D., and Levenson, L. (1989). DRTVE+ A Proposal for California to Use Consumer Fees and Rebates to Reduce Mew Motor Vehicle Emissions and Fuel Consumption. Berkeley, CA Lawrence Berkeley... 

Serious research in catalytic reduction of automotive exhaust was begun in 1949 by Eugene Houdry, who developed mufflers for fork lift trucks used in confined spaces such as mines and warehouses (18). One of the supports used was the monolith—porcelain rods covered with films of alumina, on which platinum was deposited. California enacted laws in 1959 and 1960 on air quality and motor vehicle emission standards, which would be operative when at least two devices were developed that could meet the requirements. This gave the impetus for a greater effort in automotive catalysis research (19). Catalyst developments and fleet tests involved the partnership of catalyst manufacturers and muffler manufacturers. Three of these teams were certified by the California Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board in 1964-65 American Cyanamid and Walker, W. R. Grace and Norris-Thermador, and Universal Oil Products and Arvin. At the same time, Detroit announced that engine modifications by lean carburation and secondary air injection enabled them to meet the California standard without the use of catalysts. This then delayed the use of catalysts in automobiles. 

Report by the Committee on Motor Vehicle Emissions, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., Feb. 15, 1973. 

Molybdenum oxide as catalyst, 174 Motor vehicle emissions... 

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