Light commercial vehicles

NOx and NMHC standards will be phased in for diesel engines between 2007 and 2010. In Japan, diesel emission standards require that in-use, on-road, light commercial vehicles in the specified categories should meet NO emissions of 0.25 g/km starting from the end of 2005 and achieve full implementation by 2011. Also, Table... 

France s largest vehicle manufacturer and second largest in Europe, produces cars and light commercial vehicles. 

As far as light commercial vehicles are concerned. Directive 88/436/EEC, modifying Directive 70/220/EEC is published and specifically concerns emissions for diesel vehicles except small engines. This one is extended to the three other gaseous pollutants by Directive 93/59/EEC and Directive 91/441/EEC (for M<1250 kg). This directive dated 28 June 1993, distinguishes three categories of vehicles according to their mass. New reductions are forecasted in Directive 96/69/EC adopted on 8 July 1996. 

Light commercial vehicles 96/69/EC (Adopted 8.7.96) Applying the Stage 2 limits for passenger vehicles from 1.1.96 for new model Class 1 vehicles from 1.1.98 for new model Class II and III vehicles... 

Equivalent reductions in permitted emissions have now been translated into proposed standards for Light Commercial Vehicles and later this year proposals will be made for Heavy Duty Vehicles. European regulations would then become equivalent in the level of emission control to those in the LFSA, including California, reflecting increasing concerns in Europe on the health and environmental effects of pollution from transport. 

Pursuant its undertakings at the Environment Councils of 27 June an 28 November 1985 relating to the gaseous emissions of passenger cars and light commercial vehicles covered by Directive 70/220/EEC, the Commission presented on 23 June 1986 two further proposals on motor vehicle emissions to the Council. 

Table 1 The European Union particulate matter emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles...

Tier Date Passenger Cars Light Commercial Vehicles ... 

This directive, which is basically limited to passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, aims to reduce the amount of waste resulting fi om end of life vehicles. Therefore, it covers aspects of a vehicle s hfe cycle and its treatment operations. In this case treatment refers to activities (such as depollution and dismantling) after the end of life vehicle has been handed over to a facility, where operations are carried out for the recovery and/or disposal of vehicles and their components. 

Borrom-Bird, C. E. (1996). Fuel Cell Commercialization Issues for Light-Duty Vehicle Applications." JournsI of Power Sources 61 33 8. 

Fleet use is one strategy for alternative fuel commercialization. It was the main strategy that the DOE used in the 1990s to meet the goals of the Energy Policy Act of 1992. Vehicle fleets are typically driven twice as many miles compared to private vehicles and make up about one fourth of all U.S. light-duty vehicle sales. Many fleet vehicles have fixed daily routes and are regularly fueled at one location, so less infrastructure is needed to support fleet-based vehicles. 

The committee estimates that the fuel cell system, including on-board storage of hydrogen, will have to decrease in cost to less than 100 per kilowatt (kW)4 before fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) become a plausible commercial option, and that it will take at least a decade for this to happen. In particular, if the cost of the fuel cell system for light-duty vehicles does not eventually decrease to the 50/kW range, fuel cells will not propel the hydrogen economy without some regulatory mandate or incentive. 

The PV manufacturing capacity to support the production of H2 to power 250 million FCVs over a thirty-year timeframe, which is approximately 25% of the projected world fleet of light-duty vehicles and light commercial trucks, is presented in Table 11. The H2 to power 250 million FCVs is 0.24 TW of energy, which replaces 0.52 TW of energy consumed by gasoline powered ICE vehicles. This level of H2 production from PV electrolysis plants will require the annual manufacture of 50-GWp of PV. The thirty-year cumulative quantity of installed PV is 1.735-TWp. 

As we approach the 21 century, the global vehicle population exceeds 700 million -almost 500 million light duty vehicles, about 150 million commercial trucks and buses and another 100 million motorcycles. Each year, the vehicle population is growing by about 12 million automobiles, 3.7 million commercial vehicles and 2.5 million motorcycles per year. While the growth rate has slowed in the highly industrialized countries, population growth and increased urbanization and industrialization are accelerating the use of motor vehicles elsewhere. 

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