Standards, 1975 Federal Emission

In the future, if the criterion for selecting new generating capacity was solely fuel cost, coal will be the number one choice. But the much greater costs of coal-fired plants (primarily to meet local and federal emission standards), as well as the potential of tighter standards, will make gas more attractive in many cases. And although natural gas prices may rise, the fuel costs per kilowatt-hour for gas-fired power plants should remain unchanged as efficiency gains offset the rise in fuel prices. 

To meet the new federal emissions standards, General Motors Corporation decided in 1970 to equip its cars with catalytic converters, which lead inactivates. Other carmakers followed suit, and leaded gasoline became one of the few environmentally unsafe products to be forced out of the market place. Get the lead out replaced put a tiger in your tank as the slogan of the environmental 1970s. Ethyl Corporation officials felt betrayed how could General Motors, the father of tetraethyl lead, sell its share of Ethyl for millions of dollars and then arrange for the product s demise ... 

Federal Controlled Drug Act of 1970, 3 90 Federal emission standards, 10 32 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), 25 332... 

Clean Fuel Vehicle (CFV) Any vehicle certified by the Environmental Protection Agency as meeting certain federal emissions standards. The three categories of federal CFV standards, from least to most stringent, are LEV, ULEV and ZEV. The ILEV... 

US Federal Emission Standard in gram per mile. European standards are comparable to the 1991 values... 

North American emission requirements Two sets of US Federal emission standards are defined for cars and light-duty trucks, Tier 1 and Tier 2. Tier 1 requirements were published in 1991 and fully implemented in 1997. Tier 2 standards were adopted in 1999 and began to be phased in commencing in 2004. The emission targets for each vehicle depend upon its weight and service type. 

Fresh and thermally aged catalysts containing mixtures of platinum and palladium were laboratory tested for the oxidation of carbon monoxide, propane, and propylene. For both monolithic and particulate catalysts, resistance to thermal deactivation was optimum when palladium content was 80%. Full-scale vehicle tests confirmed these findings. Catalysts of this composition were developed which, on the basis of durability tests at Universal Oil Products and General Motors, appeared capable of meeting the 1977 Federal Emissions Standards with as little as 0.56 g noble metal per vehicle. The catalyst support was thermally-stabilized, low density particulate. 

No federal emission standards currently exist for the large-volume solid waste from coal gasification or coal-based electric power generation. Nevertheless, the most commonly referenced emission standard for solid waste is the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). 

New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) set the limits for facilities built after 1971. They require that new coal-fired plants meet more stringent federal emission standards than plants that have already been constructed. In areas of the US that already meet national standards, the Prevention of Significant Deterioration provisions require that the quality of the air does not get appreciably more polluted. These standards allow irtcreases in poliution concentrations only to a certain level. Qnce this level has been reached, any further emissions must be offset try reductions from existing sources. This programme also monitors compliance with the visibility section of the Act. 

Table 7. Federal Light-Duty Exhaust Emission Standards...

Table 12. Federal Heavy-Duty Truck Exhaust Emission Standards, g/(kWh) ...

In the United States, federal regulations require automobile manufacturers to certify that vehicles are ia compliance with exhaust emission standards when tested under specific test procedures. 

Table 1. Federal Exhaust Emission Standards for Conventionally Fueled Passenger Cars and Light Trucks, g/km...

Before the U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (3), hazardous air pollutants were regulated through federal promulgation of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS). The EPA listed only eight hazardous air pollutants under NESHAPS. 

Gasoline-powered motor vehicles outnumber all other mobile sources combined in the number of vehicles, the amount of energy consumed, and the mass of air pollutants emitted. It is not surprising that they have received the greatest share of attention regarding emission standards and air pollution control systems. Table 25-2 shows the U.S. federal emission control requirements for gasoline-powered passenger vehicles. 

EPA Federal Register, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories Aerospace Manufacturing and Rework Facilites 60, 170 p. 45947, 1995. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2000). Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles Tier 2 Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Sulfur Control Requirements. Federal Register 65 6698-6870. 

Source U.S. EPA, Fact Sheet—Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Standards, EPA530-F-05-018, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, September 2005 and U.S. EPA, 40 CFR Parts 9, 63, 260, 264, 265, 266, 270 and 271, National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants Final standards for hazardous air pollutants for hazardous waste combustors, final rule, Federal Register, 70, 196, October 12, 2005. a Standards expressed as mass of pollutant per million Btu contributed by the hazardous waste. 

EPA. 1996e. National emission standards for hazarous air pollutant emissions group I polymers and resins. Final Rule. Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Register. 61 FR 46906. September 5, 1997. 

Boatbuilders who use composites have, at most, just one more year before they have to reduce emissions to meet National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESH AP), also known as Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards. By 23rd Aug. 2004, most boat manufacturing facilities subject to NESHAP must comply with 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 63, Subpart VVW. The deadline applies to existing boat manufacturing facilities that are major sources of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). Existing sources are those that commenced construction on or before July 14, 2000. ( New sources , those that commenced construction after this date, must comply with emission limits at startup.) Major sources are facilities that have the potential to... 

CFR 61, National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants, U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, 1997. 

Federal Exhaust Emission Standards for Passenger Cars (grams/mile)... 

It is interesting that over the same period in many other regions of the United States and in Europe and Japan, ozone levels did not appear to change as dramatically (National Research Council, 1991 Lindsay et al., 1989 Rao et al., 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996 Zurbenko et al., 1995 Fiore et al., 1998 Oltmans et al., 1998). The major difference in control strategies in California compared to the U.S. federal approach has been an emphasis on both NO, and VOC control, rather than primarily on VOC as has been the case at the federal level. For example, Table 16.3 shows the more stringent control of both NO, and VOC from motor vehicles in California beginning in the mid-1970s. Since 1980, however, VOC emission standards in California have been comparable to the federal standards while the allowed NO, emissions have been smaller by a factor of two or more. 

Hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate is listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) imder to Section 112 (b) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) (U.S. Congress 1990). The national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) which were established pursuant to Section 112 of the CAA (as amended November 15, 1990), regulate specific categories of stationary sources that emit or have the potential to emit one or more HAPs. HDl is listed as a volatile HAP for wood furniture manufacturing operations in Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 63, Subpart JJ (EPA 1995). 

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