Zero emissions

The future use of lead may be decided by the resolution of an environmental paradox. Some markets for lead are being phased out because of environmental concerns, eg, the use of tetraethyllead as a gasoline additive. However, a 1990 State of California law and similar laws in nine eastern U.S. states require that 2% of new cars meet 2ero-emission standards in 1998. By 2003 this requirement rises to 10% of new vehicles. Zero emission vehicles are generally accepted to mean electric, ie, battery powered cars, and there is considerable research effort to bring suitable electric vehicles to market by 1998. 

Mathieu, P. and Nihart, R, (1999), Zero-emission MATIANT cycle, ASME J. Engng Gas Turbines Power 121(1), 116-120. 

Regulations imposed on auto makers to address a perceived air pollution crisis once again renewed EV interest in the early 1990s. Perhaps the most aggressive regulations were imposed by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) low emission vehicle (LEV) program mandating that zero emission vehicles... 

Howard, P. E. (1996). The Ballard Zero-Emission Fuel Cell Engine. Prese. At Commercializing Fuel Cell Vehicles, InterTech Conference (September). 

A number of experimental hydrogen-powered vehicles have been built, dating back to the 1930s. Beginning in the early 1990s, zero-emission-vehicle regulations (enacted first m California and later in Massachusetts and New York) and government... 

Fegan, D. S., Select the Right Zero-Emissions Pump, Chem. 

In the USA, the Clean Air Act of 1970 established air-quality standards for six major pollutants particulate matter, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and photochemical oxidants. It also set standards for automobile emissions - the major source of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides. An overview of the major standards is given in Tab. 10.2. The levels of, for example, the European Union (1996) are easily achieved with the present catalysts. The more challenging standards, up to those for the ultralow emission vehicle, are within reach, but zero-emission will probably only be attainable for a hydrogen-powered vehicle. 

Zero emission plants, environmentally benign or green chemistry, and sustainable development have become the catch phrases of the 1990s (Anastas and Farris, 1994 Anastas and Warner, 1998 Anastas and Williamson, 1998 Clark, 1995). Consequently, traditional concepts of process efficiency are changing from an exclusive focus on chemical yields to one that assigns economic value to eliminating waste and avoiding the use of toxic and/or... 

Kato, Y., K. Ando, and Y. Yoshizawa, 2003. Study on a regenerative fuel reformer for a zero-emission vehicle system, J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 36 (7), 860-866. 

ZEP. Strategic overview.2007 European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants (ZEP). 

Several other countries are also planning to build zero-emission power plants. The GreenGen Project, started in 2005 in China, will employ hydrogen to generate power and will include a C02-sequestering system. 

Hans-Joachim Z. and Klaus S.L., Overview of the ZECA (Zero Emission Coal Alliance) Technology, 4th Advanced Clean Coal Technology Int. Symposium, Jan. 29-30, Tokyo, Japan, 2001. 

Leithner, R., Zero emission coal alliance process and similar cycles, Chem. Ing. Tech., 76(9), 1321, 2004. 

Ziock, H.-J., Lackner, K.S., and Harrison, D.P., Zero Emission Coal Power, a New Concept, Proceedings of the First National Conference on Carbon Sequestration, http //www.netl.doe.gov/publications/ proceedings/01/carbon seq/2b2.pdf, May 14-17, 2001. 

Equivalent settling diameter, 18 142 Equivalent Zero Emission Vehicles (EZEV), 19 627... 

PARTIAL ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE STANDARD (PZEV)... 

Partial zero emission vehicle standard (PZEV), 10 57... 

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