Direct projection

Hedreen, J.C. A direct projection from tegmentum to cortex and hippocampus demonstrated with the Nauta and Fink-Heimer methods. Anat Rec 175 340, 1973. 

Figure 1.7 Effects of local POA warming on discharges of a DRN, wake-active, REM-off, putative serotonin-containing neuron. POA warming suppressed DRN neuronal discharge, without any change in behavioral state, as shown by EEG spectral analysis. Thus activation of POA WSNs can suppress DRN discharge. The DRN receives direct projections from the POA. From Guzman-Marin el al (2000).

Fig.20 Top row single unit-cell models of core-shell double gyroid (Q230), orthorhombic (O70), and alternating gyroid (Q214) cross-sectioned to reveal interfacial configuration. Bottom row. direct projections of cross-sectioned interfaces. Sketches of PI-fi-PS-fi-PEO chains show how each morphology is assembled. Projections appear to scale that is, the core-shell double gyroid unit cell is roughly twice the thickness of the other two. From [75], Copyright 2004 American Chemical Society...

How and why is the limbic forebrain selectively activated in REM so as to produce this kind of affective experience The how answer is that in addition to its major cholinergic innervation from the basal forebrain the limbic area receives a direct projection from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum, where the cholinergic neurons that become selectively active in REM sleep are found in animals. PET studies can t yet tell us if this particular brain stem region is selectively activated in human REM sleep, but we hypothesize that such a homology is likely. 

Figure 6. Remanence enhancement in a two-phase Nd2Fe 4B/Fe3B magnet containing 343 grains. Left Finite element model of the grain structure. Right Magnetization distribution in a slice plane for zero applied field. The arrows denote the magnetization direction projected on a slice plane.

Another technique for handling the mass balances was introduced by Castillo and Grossmann (1). Rather than convert the objective function into an unconstrained form, they implemented the Variable Metric Projection method of Sargent and Murtagh (32) to minimize Gibbs s free energy. This is a quasi-Newton method which uses a rank-one update to the approximation of H l, with the search direction "projected" onto the intersection of hyperplanes defined by linear mass balances. 

Comoli E, Coizet V, Boyet J, Bolam JP, Cameras NS, Quirk RH, Overton PG, Redgrave P (2003) A direct projection from superior colliculus to substantia nigra for detecting salient visual events. Nature Neurosci d 974-980. 

These studies show that memory-guided foraging in the radial maze is related to activity in a distributed network including the hippocampal formation (ventral subiculum), which sends direct projections to the NAc shell and to the prelimbic PFCX, which in turn directly projects to the NAc. DA, acting on Dl receptors, modulates the trasfer of information at two critical sites, the PFCX and the NAc. In the PFCX, DA enables the prospective use of delayed spatial information. In the NAc, DA enables the retrospective use of spatial information acquired during exploratory activity. 

Ricardo JA, Koh ET (1978) Anatomical evidence of direct projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the hypothalamus, amygdala, and other forebrain structures in the rat. Brain Res 755(1) 1—26. 

Estimating engineering costs as a percentage of the direct project costs is a very common practice in conceptual and preliminary work. It is very simple but also very risky. The engineering hours related to any piece of equipment have very little relation to its cost. 

Kosel KC, Van Hoesen GW, Rosene DL (1983) A direct projection from the perirhinal cortex (area 35) to the subiculum in the rat. Brain Res 269 347-351. 

David Harrison, B. A., M.Sc., Ph.D., is Head of the Global Environmental Practice of NERA Economic Consulting, an international consultancy with offices in Europe, the United States, Australia and Asia. He directs projects in environmental economics and policy, climate change, natural resource damage assessment, energy policy, economic impact assessment, and transportation. Dr Harrison has participated actively for more than twenty-five years in the development of emissions trading... 

There are also direct projections from PC to insular and orbital cortex. Insular and orbital cortices are also... 

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