Vehicle emissions

Lowi, A. and W.P.L. Carter (1990), A method lor evaluating the atmosphere ozone impact of actual vehicle emissions . SAE paper No. 90-0710, International congress and exposition, Detroit, MI. 

Vehicle Emissions. Gasohol has some automotive exhaust emissions benefits because adding oxygen to a fuel leans out the fuel mixture, producing less carbon monoxide [630-08-2] (CO). This is tme both for carbureted vehicles and for those having electronic fuel injection. 

S. Albu, "California s Regulatory Perspective on Alternate Euels," 13th North American Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Conf (Tampa, Fla., Dec. 11—14, 1990), Mobile Source Division, California Air Resources Board, El Monte, Calif. 

Gasoline composition may also be regulated in Europe. A tripartite initiative is being carried out among the European Commission, the oil industry, and the automotive industry. Based on an analysis of the required improvements in air quaUty, new regulations are to be written that control vehicle emissions and fuel composition into the twenty-first century. 

The test for evaluating individual vehicle emissions, the ETP (4), specifies that a test vehicle be stored in an area where the ambient temperature is between 20 and 29°C for at least 12 hours immediately prior to the emission test. Then, the vehicle is placed on a chassis dynamometer which is calibrated for the vehicle weight and road load. The vehicle is started and driven for 41 min on a prescribed cycle of accelerations, cmises, decelerations, idles, a 10-min shutdown (called the hot soak), and a period of remn. 

J. E. Kubsh and P. W. Lissuik, Vehicle Emission Peformance with an Electrically Heated Converter System, SAE 912385, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1991. 

The Clean Air Act of 1990 establishes tighter pollution standards for emissions from automobiles and trucks. These standards will reduce tailpipe emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides on a phased-in basis beginning in model year 1994. Automobile manufacturers will also be required to reduce vehicle emissions resulting from the evaporation of gasoline during refueling. 

Wolf, G. T., and Frosch, R, A., Impact of alternative fuels on vehicle emissions of greenhouse gases, j. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 41(12) 1172-1176 (December 1991). 

HYDROCARBONS Organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon. The major sources of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere are vehicle emissions (unburned fuel) and gas leaks. Contributes to acid rain. 

See also Acid Ram Air Quality, Indoor Atmosphere Automobile Performance Climatic Effects Emission Control, Vehicle Emission Control, Power Plant Environmental Economics Environmental Problems and Energy Use Gasoline and Additives Transportation, Evolution of Energy Use and Turbines, Gas. 

In recent years, research has demonstrated that real-world vehicle emissions under typical onroad operating conditions can differ significantly from the... 

New vehicle emissions standards have served as the primary means for reducing vehicle emissions over... 

Cadle, S. H. Gorse, R. A. and Lawson, D. R. (1993). Real-World Vehicle Emissions A Summaiy ot the Third Annual CRC-APRAC On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 43(S) 1084—1090. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2000). Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles Tier 2 Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Sulfur Control Requirements. Federal Register 65 6698-6870. 

Air quality suffers from this increasing congestion as well. Motor vehicles create the majority of air quality problems in urban areas, so for cities to comply with stringent ambient air quality standards, they will have to reduce motor vehicle emissions. Trucking accounts for only 4 percent of the U.S. motor vehicle fleet, yet can easily be responsible for 30 to 40 percent of the air quality problems because, in comparison to automobiles, the fleet is far older, is driven far more miles each year, and the emissions per vehicle are far greater. 

Gordon, D., and Levenson, L. (1989). DRTVE+ A Proposal for California to Use Consumer Fees and Rebates to Reduce Mew Motor Vehicle Emissions and Fuel Consumption. Berkeley, CA Lawrence Berkeley... 

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