Elemental Ultimate Analysis

The analysis of petroleum for the percentages of cmbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfm is perhaps the first method used to examine the general natme, and perform an evaluation, of a feedstock. The atomic ratios of the various elements to cmbon (i.e., H/C, N/C, 0/C, and S/C) me frequently used for indications of the overall chmacter of the feedstock. It is also of value to determine the amounts of 

For example, carbon content can be determined by the method designated for coal and coke (ASTM D3178) or by the method designated for municipal solid waste (ASTM E777). There are also methods designated for  

Hydrogen content (ASTM D1018, D3178, D3343, D3701, E777) 

The sulfur content varies from about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt% for the more conventional crude oils to as much as 5 to 6% for heavy oil and bitumen. Depending on the sulfur content of the crude oil feedstock, residua, may be of the same order or even have a substantially higher sulfur content. 

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Gross calorific value Hardgrove grindability Majcr and minor elements Proximate analysis Reflectance of organic matter Total moisture Trace elements Ultimate analysis Volatile matta-Maceral analysis... 

Typically, petroleum residue is characterized by proximate analysis, which only quantifies the fraction of fuel material (FM), ash and moisture, and elemental (ultimate) analysis (C, H, O, N, S). In the proximate analysis, the fuel fraction is usually divided into two parts fixed carbon (FC) and volatile material (VM). For calculation purposes, both fractions are totalized as ash-free dry fuel matter (expressed in weight%). With the elemental analysis (reported in weight% dry basis for each element), it is possible to obtain the condensed formula of the fuel fraction and thus its molecular weight. 

Od-fumace blacks used by the mbber iadustry contain over 97% elemental carbon. Thermal and acetylene black consist of over 99% carbon. The ultimate analysis of mbber-grade blacks is shown ia Table 2. The elements other than carbon ia furnace black are hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and there are mineral oxides and salts and traces of adsorbed hydrocarbons. The oxygen content is located on the surface of the aggregates as C O complexes. The... 

Ultimate analysis-an analysis to determine the amounts of basic feed constituents. These constituents are moisture, oxygen, carbon, hydro- gen, sulfur, nitrogen, and ash. In addition, it is typical to determine chloride and other elements that may contribute to air emissions or ash- disposal problems. Once the ultimate analysis has been completed, Dulong s formula can be used to estimate the heating value of the sludge, Dulong s formula is ... 

In the ultimate analysis it may be pointed that the aforesaid hydrolysis processes are no doubt technically very satisfactory and tolerable, but environmentally this is not the case. The different processes yield jarosite, goethite and hematite, all of which retain considerable amounts of other elements, especially, zinc and sulfur. The zinc originates mainly from undissolved zinc roast in the iron residues, and sulfur from sulfate, which is either embodied into the crystal lattice or adsorbed in the precipitate. As a consequence of the association of the impurities, none of these materials is suitable for iron making and therefore they must be disposed of by dumping. The extent of soluble impurities present in the iron residues means that environmentally safe disposal not an easy task, and increasing concern is being voiced about these problems. An alternative way of removing iron from... 

Ultimately, however, one seeks abundances from high-resolution spectroscopy, and a full elemental abundance analysis. Data on a broad range of elemental abundances in open clusters have been limited until recently. Fortunately, this situation is beginning to change. 

Mr. Campbell Elements present in the lithotypes were determined by ultimate analysis, emission spectroscopy, and x-ray fluorescence analysis. The presence of certain minerals was inferred from the determined elements. A direct mineralogical analysis was not undertaken. 

The proximate analysis of coal is presented as a group of test methods (ASTM D-3172 ASTM D-3173 ASTM D-3174 ASTM D-3175 ASTM D-5142 ISO 1171) that has been used widely as the basis for coal characterization in connection with coal utilization. These analyses are in contrast to the ultimate analysis of coal, which provides information about the elemental composition. 

The ultimate analysis of coal involves determination of the weight percent carbon as well as sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen (usually estimated by difference). Trace elements that occur in coal are often included as a part of the ultimate analysis. 

Moisture and ash (Chapter 3) are not determined as a part of the data presented for ultimate analysis but must be determined so that the analytical values obtained can be converted to comparable bases other than that of the analysis sample. In other words, analytical values may need to be converted to an as-received basis, a dry basis, or a dry, ash-free basis. When suitable corrections are made for any carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur derived from the inorganic material, and for conversion of ash to mineral matter, the ultimate analysis represents the elemental composition of the organic material in coal in terms of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. 

The standard method for the ultimate analysis of coal and coke (ASTM D-3176) includes the determination of elemental carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, and nitrogen, together with the ash in the material as a whole. Oxygen is usually calculated by difference. The test methods recommended for elemental analysis include the determination of carbon and hydrogen (ASTM D-3178), nitrogen (ASTM D-3179), and sulfur (ASTM D-3177 ISO 334 ISO 351), with associated determination of moisture (ASTM D-3173) and ash (ASTM D-3174) to convert the data to a moisture-ash-free basis. 

Several of the minor components of coal are of importance, because of the quantity present on occasion, but more so in some cases by virtue of the special properties they possess which are undesirable when the coal is used for certain purposes. For example, to arrive at a correct figure for the combustible carbon in coal, it is necessary to apply a correction for the quantity of carbonate associated with the sample. Combustion analyses determine only the total carbon. Again, coking coals should have low phosphorus content, and anthracites used for malting should contain only very small quantities of arsenic, so that the determination of these elements becomes necessary in certain cases. Since both are found normally in small amounts, they are not included in the general statement of the ultimate analysis but are reported separately. 

The ultimate analysis (elemental composition) of petroleum is not reported to the same extent as it is for coal (Speight, 1994). Nevertheless, there are ASTM procedures (ASTM, 1995) for the ultimate analysis of petroleum and petroleum products but many such methods may have been designed for other materials. 

The elemental composition (ultimate analysis) of petroleum, no matter what the origin of the particular petroleum, varies only slightly over very narrow limits (Chapter 1) ... 

Previous studies (Zheng, 1993) have identified a range of Permian coal environments and geochemistry. The samples studied represent these variations. We have collected 50 samples from three areas, Haizi Township, Jiaole Township, and the Xingyi—Dadi area (Fig. 17.2). Some of the mines are small dog holes (Fig. 17.3D), and collection of kilogram samples in all localities was not possible. Selected samples were analyzed for proximate and ultimate analysis and all were analyzed for trace elements. In this report, we discuss only the trace-element results as they bear direedy on chronic arsenic poisoning. 

Ultimate analysis. A quantitative chemical analysis in which the results are expressed entirely in terms of the elements present, as per cent carbon and per cent hydrogen in a hydrocarbon. 

We calculated the specific surfaces shown in Table 1 by an improvement of the procedure described in Reference 7. In our more recent studies of coals, rather than using the mass absorption coefficient of carbon, we have computed the mass absorption coefficient of each coal from the elemental composition given by the ultimate analysis. These mass absorption coefficients, which depend quite strongly on the composition and concentration of minerals in the coals, varied from about 7 to 12 cm /gm. We also have taken the values of the coal densities from Fig. 2 of Reference (17). This plot shows the coal density as a function of fixed carbon content and thus provides more reliable densities than the approximation we used in Reference (7). The quantity I A was calculated from the scattering data for colloidal silica samples by the procedure outlined in Reference 7. The proximate and ultimate analyses of... 

In organic compounds, the elements ordinarily determined by what is termed ultimate analysis are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and one of the halogens. Other elements may sometimes be present but we shall not consider their determination here. 

Elemental Analysis and Characteristics of Typical Fuel Oils and Synthetic Fuels (ultimate analysis in wt.% heating value in Btu/lb)... 

Knowing the contents of nitrogen and sulfur in coals, combustion engineers are in a position to take appropriate approaches to control nitrogen and sulfur dioxide formations. Another useful application of the ultimate analysis is to estimate the heat of combustion by assuming a negligible heat of formation of the organic matter relative to the heat of combustion of the elements 20... 

Ultimate Analysis - A procedure for determining the primary elements in a substance (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and ash). 

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