ASTM procedure

These are called high temperature induction furnace methods which differ only as to the kind of furnace used and employ the same ASTM procedure. The sample is heated to over 1300°C in an oxygen stream and transformed to SO2 which is analyzed with an infra-red detector. 

The temperatures 100°F and 210°F (37.8°C, 98.9°C) have been selected because they were initially used in the ASTM procedure for calculating the viscosity index of petroleum cuts (ASTM D 2270). 

Typical values of important properties of general purpose acetal resins (homopolymer and copolymer) are collected in Table 2. Properties in the table were deterrnined on specimens subjected only to the conditioning required by the ASTM procedure. In this case, values measured for homopolymer are characteristically higher than those for copolymer. 

Closed cup (ASTM Procedure D3278) unless otherwise noted. 

Effectiveness of these EP oils can be evaluated by a number of laboratory test units such as those shown in Figure 4. While the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) procedures describe a number of standard test procedures (10), the operating conditions and test specimen materials should be chosen to simulate as nearly as possible those in an appHcation. 

Latexes of synthetic resins are identified by ir spectrometry. Selective extraction with organic solvents is used to obtain purified fractions of the polymers for spectrometric identification. Polymeric films can be identified by the multiple internal reflectance ir technique, if the film is smooth enough to permit intimate contact with the reflectance plate. TAPPI and ASTM procedures have not been written for these instmmental methods, because the interpretation of spectra is not amenable to standardization. 

Performance Characteristics Polyester resins undergo a rapid transformation from a viscous Hquid to a soHd plastic state that comprises a three-dimensional cross-linked polymer stmcture. The level of polyester polymer unsaturation determines essential performance characteristics (Table 7), although polymer components can influence subtle features that affect thermal, electrical, and mechanical performance as defined by ASTM procedures. 

Ammonia and ammonium ions in industrial water streams, including waste-water streams, can be determined by either of two methods (ASTM Procedure D1426). In the first, the sample is buffered to a pH of 7.4 and distilled into a solution of boric acid where the ammonia nitrogen is deterrnined colorimetricaHy with Nessler reagents or titrated using standard sulfuric acid. 

Emission spectroscopy is used for lower concentrations and trace levels. Methods, as outlined in ASTM procedures (87), include zirconium in aluminum and aluminum alloys, ceramics, sand, magnesium alloys, and titanium. 

Table 11.10 Typical properties of commercial methylpentene polymer (tested according to ASTM procedures).

Blistering, ASTM-D-714, was assessed according to the number and size of blisters as illustrated in this ASTM procedure. Number 6 blisters are approximately 1 to 2 mm in diameter, and for dense blistering 50% or more of the panel surface is covered by blisters. 

The evaluation of petroleum must of necessity involve a study of composition because of the interrelationship of the physical properties and composition as part of the overall evaluation of different feedstocks. There are several ASTM procedures for feedstock/product evaluation ... 

This method has been approved as an ASTM procedure (F316). The typical apparatus used is schematically illustrated in Figure 3.11. An instrument based on this method has been introduced by Coulter Electronics recently (Venkataraman et al. 1988). 

Despite the fact that inorganic membranes are, in general, more stable mechanically than organic membranes, available mechanical properties data for commercial inorganic membranes are sketchy and these are not yet standardized for comparing various membranes. It appears that the methods used for obtaining various mechanical strength data are based on those for solid (nonporous) bodies and most of them arc listed as ASTM procedures. 

The unit cell constant of the zeolites were determined by X-ray diffraction using CuKo( radiation and following ASTM procedure D-3942-80. The estimated standard deviation was - 0.01 A. The... 

The effect of hydrotreating on the bromine number (olefinic content) of the catalytic cracker products is shown in Figures 11 and 12. The bromine numbers for gasoline and LCO fractions were measured directly using ASTM procedure D 1159. For the HCO, the bromine number could not be measured because of procedural problems. For the low severity cracking case. Figure 11, the... 

It is recommended that the instrument instructions and ASTM Procedure D4001-93 [41] be read prior to beginning the experiment. Allow at least 3 hr for the... 

The coal service laboratory, which in the past was concerned with determining the ASTM Procedures for Ultimate and Proximate Analysis, is now responsible for analyzing trace elements in coal. With this sort of facility and technical skill in mind, our own wet chemical laboratory devised relatively routine procedures for determining trace elements in coal that could have an undesirable environmental impact including Hg, Be, Se, As, Cd, Pb, F, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Te, Ge, Mn, Sn, B, Bi, Sb, V, Li, Co, and Ag. 

The measurement of recovery is intended to be a measure of the elastic component of softness but it is rather debatable whether the strain rates and recovery times in the ISO and ASTM procedure yield results relevant to processing conditions. Recovery at room temperature as in procedure A of ASTM must be liable to lead to variable results. 

While the high, or gross, heat of combustion can be accurately determined by established (ASTM) procedures, direct determination of the low heat of combuslion Is difficult. Therefore, it is usually calculated using the following formula ... 

Interference from Noncondensable Gases. Foreign gas in the still comprises air from mechanical leaks and traces of dissolved gas that have survived the degasser. The effectiveness of the degasser was tested by measuring dissolved oxygen, according to the ASTM procedure which yielded the data of Table III. 

Table 12), and verified as the major constituent spectrographically 2) Table 12 shows the max allowable percentages of metallic impurities in the tungsten, detd spectrographically in accordance with ASTM procedure El 58 (Spectro-chemical Computations) ... 

Oxygen content, 0.08% max, detd in accord-with ASTM procedure El 59 (Hydrogen Loss of... 

Allowable avg particle size range, detd in accordance with ASTM procedure B330 (Method of Test for Average Particle Size of Refractory Metals and Compounds by the Fisher Sub-Sieve Sizer) ... 

Emulsion polymers and commercial controls were milled (Table III) and molded (Table IV) to produce test samples, and properties were evaluated following standard ASTM procedures (Tables V-VII). During accelerated ultraviolet light aging, the polymers were also examined by infrared spectroscopy of films cast from o-dichlorobenzene solution (Table VIII). 

ASTM D-4182. Standard Practice for Evaluation of Laboratories Using ASTM Procedures in the Sampling and Analysis of Coal and Coke. 

The ultimate analysis (elemental composition) of petroleum is not reported to the same extent as it is for coal (Speight, 1994). Nevertheless, there are ASTM procedures (ASTM, 1995) for the ultimate analysis of petroleum and petroleum products but many such methods may have been designed for other materials. 

There are several ASTM procedures for feedstock/product evaluation. These are ... 

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