Fractional fuels

Table 13.1 gives the fractional fuel cost / for various energy sources in Belgium, De Vos s home country. They are, of course, a function of the technology applied. 

Fractional Fuel Cost/for Various Energy Sources ... 

Optimal efficiency as a function of fractional fuel cost/for T0/Tj = 0.5. 

Y. Liu, J. Qian and J. Wang, Pyrolysis of polystyrene waste in a flnidised bed reactor to obtain styrene monomer and gasoline fraction. Fuel Processing Technology, 63, 45-55, (2000). 

FIGURE 10.4. Illustration of probability-density functions for the mixture fraction, fuel mass fraction, oxidizer mass fraction, and temperature for a jet-type diffusion flame in the flame-sheet approximation. 

In the conventional catalytically stabilized thermal (CSX) combustion approach (Beebe et al., 2000 Carroni and Griffin, 2010 Carroni et al., 2003) shown in Fig. 3.1 A, fractional fuel conversion is achieved in a catalytic honeycomb reactor operated at fuel-lean stoichiometries, while the remaining fuel is combusted in a follow-up gaseous combustion zone, again at fuel-lean stoichiometries. Nonetheless, for diffusionally imbalanced limiting reactants with Lewis numbers (Le) less than unity (such as H2 whereby Lch2 0.3 at fuel-lean stoichiometries in air), CSX is compounded by the... 

For helium-cooled reactors, the fuel quality requirements depend upon the safety strategy. If the fuel is to be the primary barrier to prevent release of radionuclides to the environment under accident conditions, there are stringent fuel reliability requirements. Under such circumstances, a low-failure-fraction fuel, only about 1 particle in -100,000, is required to meet normal operation or accident conditions and still meet the regulatory requirements. The most mobile radioactive species are Ag-1 0m, Cs, I, and Sr. The controlling isotopes for site-boundary release are Cs and I while Ag-110/w tends to controls the maintenance dose (Moormann 2001 International Atomic Energy Agency 1997). 

Although methods to analyse the instability mechanism have recently become available, small variations in the factors that cause power instabilities affect the predictable performance of any given reactor for a given flow. Those factors are primarily, void fraction, fuel time constant, power level, power shape, feedwater temperature and core flow. Additionally, the design of the fuel rod and bundle can affect the formation and propagation of the void density waves. These factors affect the power/flow region at which power oscillations are probable. 

Pearson, C.D. Green, J.B. Comparison of processing characteristics of Mayan and Wilmington heavy residues. 2. Characterization of vanadium and nickel complexes in acid-base-neutral fractions. Fuel 1989, 68,456. 

Fig. 7.6 Fractional fuel conversion versus l/nj, for a microreactor with =...

Alvarez, E., Marroquin, G., Trejo, F., Centeno, G., Aneheyta, J., Diaz, J.A.I. 2011. Pyrolysis kinetics of atmospheric residue and its SARA fractions. Fuel 90 3602-3607. 

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