Arsenic chronic

Dinman, B. D. 1960. Arsenic chronic human intoxication. J. Occup. Med. 2 137. 

In the modern forensic chemistry laboratory (Figure B) arsenic is detected by analysis of hair samples, where the element tends to concentrate in chronic arsenic poisoning. A single strand of hair is sufficient to establish the presence or absence of the element. The technique most commonly used is neutron activation analysis, described in Chapter 19. If the concentration found is greater than about 0.0003%, poisoning is indicated normal arsenic levels are much lower than this. 

Microbial virulence is often the outcome of the complex interactions that take place as the pathogen establishes itself in the human host. The molecular determinants of pathogenicity include factors that cause damage to the host cell and those that help the microbe establish productive infection for survival [35]. The human host immune response counters the presence of these microbes with its acquired or innate immune response arsenal with outcomes that range from acute to chronic or latent infections. A clear definition of the host and microbial... 

Landrigan et al. (1982) conducted an epidemiologic survey to evaluate occupational exposure to arsine in a lead-acid battery manufacturing plant. Arsine concentrations ranged from nondetectable to 49 /breathing zone samples. A high correlation was found between urinary arsenic concentration and arsine exposure (r=0.84 p=0.0001 for an n of 47). Additionally, arsine levels above 15.6 /ig/m3 (=0.005 ppm) were associated with urinary arsenic concentrations in excess of 50 //g/L. The investigators concluded that exposure to a 200 /ig/m3 arsine exposure standard would not prevent chronic increased absorption of trivalent arsenic. 

Risk, M., and L.Fuortes. 1991. Chronic arsenicalism suspected from arsine exposure A case report and literature review. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 33 590-595. 

Proximity to the smokestacks of metal smelters is positively associated with increased levels of lead in the hair (manes) of horses and in tissues of small mammals, and is consistent with the results of soil and vegetation analyses (USEPA 1972). Lead concentrations were comparatively high in the hair of older or chronically impaired horses (USEPA 1972). However, tissues of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) collected near a zinc smelter did not contain elevated levels of lead (Sileo and Beyer 1985). Among small mammals near a metal smelter, blood ALAD activity was reduced in the white-footed mouse but normal in others, e.g., the short-tailed shrew (Beyer et al. 1985). The interaction effects of lead components in smelter emissions with other components, such as zinc, cadmium, and arsenic, are unresolved (USEPA 1972) and warrant additional research. 

Chronic exposure to arsenicals by way of the air, diet, and other routes has been associated with liver, kidney, and heart damage, hearing loss, brain-wave abnormalities, and impaired resistance to viral infections. 

Episodes of arsenic poisoning are either acute or subacute cases of chronic arsenosis are rarely encountered, except in humans. 

Inorganic arsenate or arsenite Chronic oral toxicity at 1.5 mg/kg BW... 

Accumulations of 1 mg/kg BW daily for 3 months in children, or 80 mg/kg BW daily for 3 years in adults produced symptoms of chronic arsenic poisoning... 

Prolonged dosages of 3-4 mg daily produced clinical symptoms of chronic arsenic intoxication Prolonged use produced symptoms of chronic arsenic intoxication (0.6 mg/L) or skin cancer (0.29 mg/L)... 

Chronic arsenic poisoning Lifetime cumulative absorption of 1 g As, or intake of 0.7-2.6 g/year for several years (in medications) can produce symptoms after latent period of 4-24 years (NRCC 1978)... 

Choprapawon, C. and A. Rodcline. 1997. Chronic arsenic poisoning in Ronpibool Nakhon Sri Thammarat, the southern province of Thailand. Pages 69-77 in C.O. Abernathy, R. Calderon, and W.R. Chappell (eds.). Arsenic. Exposure and Health Effects. Chapman Hall, London. 

Cockell, K.A. and J.W. Hilton. 1985. Chronic toxicity of dietary inorganic and organic arsenicals to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Feder. Proc. 44(4) 938. 

Cockell, K.A., J.W. Hilton, and W.J. Bettger. 1991. Chronic toxicity of dietary disodium arsenate heptahydrate to juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Arch. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 21 518-527. 

Hopenhayn-Rich, C., K.D. Johnson, and I. Hertz-Picciotto. 1998. Reproductive and developmental effects associated with chronic arsenic exposure. SEGH 3rd Inter. Conf. Arsenic Expos. Health Effects 21. 

Lima, A.R., C. Curtis, D.E. Hammermeister, T.P. Markee, C.E. Northcott, and L.T. Brooke. 1984. Acute and chronic toxicities of arsenic (III) to fathead minnows, flagflsh, daphnids, and an amphipod. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13 595-601. 

McGeachy, S.M. and D.G. Dixon. 1990. Effect of temperature on the chronic toxicity of arsenate to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus rnykiss). Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47 2228-2234. 

Naqvi, S.M. and C.T. Flagge. 1990. Chronic effects of arsenic on American red crayfish, Pmcambarus clarkii, exposed to monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) herbicide. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 45 101-106. 

Ingested arsenic localizes to the skin [2, 7], where it may alter cutaneous immune responses. The delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was suppressed in Bowen s disease patients [8], Langerhans cells (LC) in skin lesions and perilesioned skin from arsenic-induced Bowen s disease and carcinomas were reduced in number and were morphologically altered, having a notable loss of dendrites [9], These data suggest that chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water may... 

Yoshida, T., Yamauchi, H., and Sun, G.F., Chronic health effects in people exposed to arsenic via the drinking water Dose-response relationships in review, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 198, 243, 2004. 

Hall, A. H., Chronic Arsenic Poisoning, Toxicol. Lett., 128, 69, 2002. 

Lee, L. and Bebb, G., A case of Bowen s disease and small-cell lung carcinoma Longterm consequences of chronic arsenic exposure in Chinese traditional medicine, Environ. Health Perspect., 113, 207, 2005. 

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