Environmentally safe

S. L. Kaplan and W. P. Hansen, Plasma—The Environmentally Safe Treatment Method, Technical Notes, HIMONT/Plasma Science (now BOC Coating Technology), Concord, Calif., May 1991. 

Some catalysts are ha2ardous materials, or they react to form ha2ardous substances. For example, catalysts used for hydrogenation of carbon monoxide form volatile metal carbonyl compounds such as nickel carbonyl, which are highly toxic. Many catalysts contain heavy metals and other ha2ardous components, and environmentally safe disposal has become an increasing concern and expense. 

Pollution that cannot be prevented should be recycled in an environmentally safe manner whenever feasible. 

Disposal or other release into the environment should be employed only as a last resort and should be conducted in an environmentally safe manner. 

The interhalogen compounds are the bromine- and iodine-base materials. It is the larger, more positive halogen that is the reactive portion of the interhalogen molecule during the disinfection process. Although only used on a limited basis at present, there are members of this class that show great promise as environmentally safe disinfectants. 

Promote a national research and development program for improved ntaitiigement techmques, more effective organizational arrangements, and new and improved methods of collection, separation. reco ery, and recycling of solid wastes, and Ute environmentally safe dispostil of nonTeco enibIe residues... 

The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 is tlie most important regulation regarding pollution prevention. The 1990 act establishes tlie pollution prevention liierarchy as national policy, declaring tliat pollution should be prevented or reduced at tlie source wherever feasible, while pollution tliat cannot be prevented should be recycled in an environmentally safe manner. 

Note that several CFC refrigerants are included, although they are being phased-out and replaced by more environmentally safe refrigerants. These are left in the table at this time because they have been such common/prominent refrigerants in industrial applications. 

Good compound means formulas are developed that are environmentally safe, factory processable, provide a satisfactory service life, and are cost-competitive to other compounds used in the same applications. Costs are always a major concern and constantly increasing environmental safety regulations must not be overlooked. In this particular section, focus has been made on cure systems and formulations of practical interest. This provides a guideline for compounding in various applications. 

Pyrethroids show very marked selective toxicity (Table 12.2). They are highly toxic to terrestrial and aquatic arthropods and to fish, but only moderately toxic to rodents, and less toxic still to birds. The selectivity ratio between bees and rodents is 10,000- to 100,000-fold with topical application of the insecticides. They therefore appear to be environmentally safe so far as terrestrial vertebrates are concerned. There are, inevitably, concerns about their possible side effects in aquatic systems, especially on invertebrates. 

Ease of production, including, for instance, the existence of environmentally safe routes of isolation or synthesis... 

A battery must use cell reactions that generate and maintain a large electrical potential difference. This requires two half-reactions with substantially different standard reduction potentials. The ideal battery would be compact, inexpensive, rechargeable, and environmentally safe. This is a stringent set of requirements. No battery meets all of them, and only a few come close. 

Both polyalkylene glycols [45] and side chain polymeric alcohols such as polyvinyl alcohol have been suggested. These substances are comparatively environmentally safe [1420,1553]. 

Phosphatides or phospholipids are environmentally safe lubricating additives [678]. 

D. E. Clark and W. M. Dye. Environmentally safe lubricated well fluid method of making a well fluid and method of drilling. Patent US 5658860, 1997. 

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