Dietary supplements minerals

Uses Foods (dietary supplement, mineral supplement) pharmaceuticals (tablet diluent excipient abrasive in dentifrices calcium/phosphorus source in multivitamins) stabilizer migrating from food pkg. 

Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes HMIS Health 2, Flammability 0, Reactivity 1 Uses Nutrient, dietary supplement, mineral source for pharmaceuticals, vitamin tablets, foods, animal feed colorant and flavoring agent in foods Manuf./Distrib. Ruger http //www.rugerchemical.com Ferrous glycinate CAS 20150-34-9... 

Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Thermal decomp, may produce toxic sulfur oxides Uses Nutrient, dietary supplement, mineral supplement for foods, animal feed, pharmaceuticals reducing agent Manuf./Distrib. Crown Tech. Lohmann http //www.lohmann-chemikalien.de, Prior http //www.iccchem.com, Voigt Global Distrib. http //WWW. vgdiic. com... 

Brewers and bakers dried yeasts are used as dietary supplements. They contribute some protein and trace minerals, and some B vitamins, but no vitamin C, vitamin B 2 or fat-soluble vitamins. The glucose tolerance factor (GTE) of yeast, chromium nicotinate, mediates the effect of insulin. It seems to be important for older persons who caimot synthesize GTE from inorganic dietary chromium. The ceU wall fraction of bakers yeast reduces cholesterol levels in rats fed a hypercholesteremic diet. 

SRB contains high-quality protein, oil, dietary fiber, polysaccharides, fat-soluble phytochemicals (plant derived bioactive compounds) and other bran nutrients. Rice bran and germ are the richest natural sources of B complex vitamins as well as E vitamins, polyphenols, several antioxidants and minerals. It is now available in the commercial food ingredient market as a safe and effective functional food and dietary supplement. 

Several studies have evaluated dietary supplements such as isoflavones, which are found in soy products and red clover. A well-controlled trial in more than 400 postmenopausal women evaluating a specific isoflavone, ipriflavone, found no benefits on bone mineral density or fracture rates after 3 years.47 Nevertheless, because these therapies are available without prescription and are not regulated by the FDA, patients may choose to self-medicate with isoflavones. Lymphocytopenia appeared in several patients treated with ipriflavone in clinical trials. Additionally, ipriflavone should be used with caution in immunocompromised patients or those with renal disease. It may inhibit CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 and may interact with drugs metabolized by those pathways, such as warfarin. 

What dietary supplements, such as vitamins, minerals, and herbs, are you taking ... 

Chromium is a trace mineral that is necessary to process carbohydrates and fats, as well as to help cells respond properly to insulin—an especially important function for people with diabetes. Chromium, in its safest form, can be found in whole grains, seafood, green beans, peanut butter, and potatoes. As a dietary supplement, chromium is available in several forms, including chromium picolinate, chromium chloride, chromium nicotinate, and high-chromium yeast. 

While the dog is a carnivore, it is able to adapt to an omnivorous diet. Requirements for dietary sources of energy, amino acids, glucose precursors, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and water have been established based on recommendations by the National Research Council (NRC, 1985). Adult beagles maintained in a laboratory environment function well with one feeding of standard laboratory chow per day. In safety assessment testing, however, some compounds may induce serious dietary deficiencies through induced loss of appetite, malabsorption, or vomiting, and, in these cases, it may be advisable to provide a dietary supplement. 

Since the U.S. Congress passed Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act in October 1994, the landscape of the dietary supplement industry has changed in the United States dramatically. In fact, as early as the late 1980s, the U.S. Pharmacopeia s elected Council of Experts (then known as the USP Committee of Revision) was evoking great interest in the development and establishment of public standards for the multitude of multivitamin and multivitamin-mineral combination products as well other nutritional supplement products marketed in the United States. 

Multivitamin-Mineral Combination Dietary Supplements—Indexing of Vitamin and Minerals... 

In view of the reported growing importance ascribed to folic acid deficiency in the prevention of various disease conditions, such as neural tube defects, megaloblastic anemia, colon cancer, and colorectal cancer, a dissolution requirement is specified for folic acid when it is present in multivitamin-mineral combination products. Currently, the dissolution standard required in the official articles of dietary supplements (including vitamin-mineral combination products) places folic acid outside the index vitamin hierarchy. Therefore, a mandatory dissolution test for folic acid is required that is independent of and in addition to the mandatory index vitamin test for multivitamin preparations containing folic acid. 

In contrast to vitamin and mineral products, which are chemically well-defined, the biopharmaceutical quality and behavior of botanical dosage forms marketed as dietary supplements are often not well documented. In most cases,... 

Calcium Acetate (PhosLo) [Calcium Supplement/ Anti arrhythmic/Mmeral/ Electrolyte] Uses ESRD-associated hyper-phos-phatemia Action Ca " supl w/o aluminum to X P04 absorption Dose 2-4 tabs PO w/ meals Caution [C, ] Contra t Ca Disp Gelcap SE Can t Ca, hypophosphatemia, constipation Interactions t Effects OF quinidine X effects W/ large intake of dietary fiber, spinach, rhubarb X effects OF atenolol, CCB, etidronate, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, phenytoin, Fe salts, thyroid hormones EMS Pts have reduced renal Fxn, monitor ECG for signs of electrolyte disturbances OD S/Sxs of hypercalcemia (confusion, weakness, GI upset, constipation, N, V, and cardiac arrhythmias) give IV fluid for diuresis symptomatic and supportive Calcium Carbonate (TumS/ Alka Mints) [Antacid/ Calcium Supplement/Mineral/ Electrolyte] [OTC] Uses Hyperacidity associated w/ peptic ulcer Dz, hiatal hernia, etc Action Neutralizes gastric acid Dose 500 mg—2 g PO PRN -1- in renal impair Caution [C, ] Disp Chew tabs, susp SE t -1- PO constipation Interactions X Effect OF tetracyclines, fluo-... 

Sales of Ca supplements alone were 875 million in the United States in 2002, and comprised 60% of all mineral supplement sales (Anonymous, 2004). In 2004, sales of Ca supplements increased by 9.3% (Uhland et ah, 2004), possibly to some extent in response to the Surgeon General s report on bone health that was issued that year. More recently in 2006, it was projected that dietary supplement sales in the United States would approach 5 billion (Anonymous, 2006). While Ca derived from a balanced diet is preferable, Ca supplements are a popular noncaloric alternative for increasing daily Ca intake. There are a vast number of oral Ca supplements available in the market place in the form of capsules, tablets, chewable tablets, effervescent tablets, liquids, powders, suspensions, wafers, and granules. However, not all Ca salts are equally soluble or bioavailable and the dose of Ca on the label of a supplement may not necessarily be reflective of the relative amount of available Ca once consumed. Furthermore, the same Ca salt may be more or less bioavailable depending on the production process and materials used to manufacture the supplement. 

Martini and Wood (2002) tested the bioavailability of 3 different sources of Ca in 12 healthy elderly subjects (9 women and 3 men of mean SEM age 70 3 and 76 6 years, respectively) in a 6-week crossover trial conducted in a Human Study Unit. Each Ca source supplied 1000 mg Ca/day and was ingested for 1 week with meals (as 500 mg Ca 2x/day), thus contributing to a high-Ca intake (1300 mg Ca/day). A low-Ca intake (300 mg Ca/day strictly from the basal diet) was adhered to for 1 week in-between each treatment. The Ca sources included skim milk, CCM-fortified OJ, and a dietary supplement of CaCOa. Assessment parameters were indirect measures predicted to reflect the relative bioavailability of Ca postprandially via an acute PTH suppression test (hourly for 4h). Longer-term responses to Ca supplementation were assessed via a number of urinary and serum hormone, mineral, and bone resorption biomarkers (i.e., vitamin D, Ca, phosphorus, and collagen t) e 1 N-telopeptide cross-links). 

A dietary supplement is any product taken by mouth that contains a so-called dietary ingredient and whose label clearly states that it is a dietary supplement. The dietary ingredients in dietary supplements may include vitamins, minerals, herbs, and amino acids as well as substances such as enzymes, organ tissues, metabolites, extracts, or concentrates. Dietary supplements can be... 

Dietary supplements are products taken by mouth that contain an ingredient intended to supplement the diet, such as vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, and substances such as enzymes, organ tissues, and metabolites. Dietary supplements come in many forms, including extracts, concentrates, tablets, capsules, gel caps, liquids, and powders. They have special requirements for labeling. In the U.S., the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 states that dietary supplements are considered foods, not drugs. (Note that some dietary supplements are used in conventional medicine for example, folic acid... 

Citric acid and its citrate compounds are widely used in hundreds of applications. Global production of citric acid in 2005 was 1.6 million tons, with China producing approximately 40% of the world supply. In the United States, approximately 65% of citric acid use is in the food and beverage industry. Citric acid is used as an acidulant to impart tartness, to control pH, as a preservative and antioxidant, as a metal chelator, and to stabilize color and taste. Citrate salts can be used as mineral and metal dietary supplement for example, calcium citrate... 

Recent review articles (, 104-109) have described general factors that affect mineral utilization from foods. General factors such as the digestibility of the food that supplies the mineral, chemical form of the element, dietary levels of other nutrients, presence of mineral chelators, particle size of the food or supplemented minerals and food processing conditions all play a role in the ultimate mineral bioavailability (104). Many unit food processing operations can be shown to directly or indirectly alter the level or chemical form of minerals or the association of minerals with other food components. 

Cholecalciferol [Vitamin D3] (Delta D) [Vitamin/Dietary Supplement] Uses Dietary supl to Rx vit D deficiency Action T Intestinal Ca2+ absorption Dose 400-1000 Int Units/d PO Caution [A (D doses above the RDA), +] Contra T Ca2+, hypervitaminosis, allergy Disp Tabs SE Vit D tox Interactions T Risk of arrhythmias w/ cardiac glycosides X effects w/ cholestyramine, colestipol, mineral oil, orlistat, phenobarbital, phenytoin EMS Can cause vit D tox (Tin serum Ca2+ weakness, AMS, Gl upset and cardiac arrhythmias) OD May cause T risk of vitD tox give IV fluids... 

In addition to traditional medications, consumers have access to many substances that are not considered a part of conventional or mainstream pharmacothera-peutics. These substances often consist of natural products such as herbal preparations, vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional substances that are taken to promote optimal health or to treat various conditions. These products are usually classified as dietary supplements by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and are therefore not subjected to the rigorous testing and scrutiny required for prescription drugs and many over-the-counter medications. 

Vitamins and minerals are not considered medications, but these substances are essential for maintaining physiologic function and homeostasis throughout the body. Many individuals consume these substances to compliment other medications and to help promote optimal health. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to address all the pertinent issues related to vitamin and mineral metabolism. Nonetheless, a brief overview of these substances and their use as dietary supplements is provided here and summarized in Tables 38-2 and 38-3. Readers are also referred to other sources for a more detailed discussion of vitamins and minerals.4,55 76... 

The primary roles and the recommended daily intake of major and trace minerals are listed in Table 38-3. Similar to vitamins, these minerals are typically obtained from dietary sources. Specific minerals may likewise be included in various multivitamins and other dietary supplements, with the intent that these minerals will promote good health and prevent disease. Again, there is generally no need for mineral supplements for most people eating a reasonably balanced diet. On the other hand, mineral supplements can be helpful in specific situations where the body s need for a mineral may exceed dietary supply. Some examples of appropriate supplementation include calcium supplements for people with osteoporosis (see Chapter 31), potassium supplements for people on diuretics (see Chapter 21), and iron supplements for people with certain anemias. Hence, mineral supplements may be helpful in certain individuals, but the dose and type of supplement should be adjusted carefully. 

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