Carbohydrate, processing

T. M. Wrodnigg, A. J. Steiner, and B. J. Uberbacher, Natural and synthetic iminosugars as carbohydrate processing enzyme inhibitors for cancer therapy, Anticancer Agents Med. Chem., 8 (2008) 77-85. 

Texturization is a composite of the properties that contribute to the structural elements of the ingredient, and the manner in which these constituents register with the physiological senses. Molecular size, shape, charge, and solubility, as well as the presence of carbohydrate, process temperature, and methods to enhance the interaction of these components all affect texture. 

Fig. 2. Treatment of cell cultures with deoxymannojirimycin (DMM) inhibited processing of the complex carbohydrate moiety of the epsi-APase but did not affect excretion into the medium. Three-day-old cells grown —Pi as previously described (Goldstein etal., 1988a) were treated with 0.1 mM DMM for 24 h which resulted in inhibition of processing of the complex carbohydrate moiety of the epsi-APase. Culture-medium proteins from +DMM or -DMM treatments were precipitated with 50% acetone, separated via SDS-PAGE and activity stained (also as previously described, Goldstein etal., 1988b). As shown here, inhibition of carbohydrate processing caused a visible increase in apparent molecular mass but did not inhibit the excretion of epsi-APase into the medium.

TABLE 28.1. List of carbohydrate-processing phosphorolytic enzymes. 

Kitaoka, M., and Hayashi, K. 2002. Carbohydrate-processing phosphorolytic enzymes. Trends Glycosci. Glycotechnol., 14, 35-50. 

Lessons from these results are that carbohydrate processing enzymes can be optimized by site-directed and random mutagenesis in a more rational way for the production of tailored oligo- and polysaccharides under various aspects, also including up- and downstream processing for industrial purposes. 

Radical intermediates are also involved in such relatively new carbohydrate processes as photochemical transformations [34] and the direct radical substitution of certain sugar ring... 

This book aims to provide a graduate level text on structure and mechanism in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry for beginning researchers. In addition to research workers new to carbohydrates in academic research departments, the work is intended to be useful for researchers and practitioners in the carbohydrate-processing industries, such as pulp and paper, textiles and food. 

In vitro, N-nonyl deoxynojirimycin (NN-DNJ 20) inhibits hepatitis B virus ability to construct its M envelope protein in human liver cells. Apparently, minor cellular carbohydrate processing disruption (6%)results in a greater than 99% reduction in the secretion of hepatitis B virus. In vivOy using the standard woodchuck model for HBV with the woodchuck hepatitis virus, treatment with NN-DNJ (20) induced a loss of viremia (70). Not unexpectedly after treatment ceased, viral titers returned to pretreatment levels. 

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