Minerals sources

Table 4. Lanthanide and Yttrium Distribution in Mineral Sources, wt %, ...

Zirconium is found in at least 37 different mineral forms (6) but the predorninant commercial source is the mineral zircon, zirconium orthosiUcate. Other current mineral sources are baddeleyite and eudialyte [12173-26-1]. 

Nitrogen makes up 78 % of the atmosphere, hence, it is readily available. Ammonia is produced by fixing of atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen. Mineral sources of phosphorus and potassium are converted to a suitable form for fertilizer. These three elements have other use than fertilizer they are used and interact with other facets of the chemical industry, making a highly complex picture. A schematic of the interactions is presented in Figure 7.2-1. 

Potassium compounds have many similarities to sodium compounds. The principal mineral sources of potassium are carnallite, KCl-MgCl2-6H20, and sylvite, KC1, which is incorporated directly into some fertilizers as a source of essential potassium. Potassium compounds are generally more expensive than the corresponding sodium compounds, but in some applications their advantages outweigh their... 

Certain minerals may be mined and processed for more than one purpose. For instance, bauxite, on the one hand, can be utilized for making bricks or abrasives and, on the other, is used for the production of aluminum. It is often found that many nonmetallic minerals are associated with metalliferous minerals. As an example mention may be made of galena, the main mineral source of lead, which is found very frequently to be associated with fluorite (CaF2) and barytes (BaS04), both of which are important industrial minerals. 

The flotation of sphalerite, the sulfidic mineral source of zinc, is next considered as an example to illustrate the role of activators. This mineral is not satisfactorily floated solely by the addition of the xanthate collector. This is due to the fact that the collector products formed, such as zinc xanthate, are soluble in water, and so do not furnish a hydrophobic film around the mineral particles. It is necessary to add copper sulfate which acts as an... 

Reference has been made earlier to scattered rare metals, the five most important members of this particular group being gallium, indium, thallium, rhenium, and germanium. A common feature of these metals is that they do not form commercially significant mineral sources of their own, but are invariably produced from the processing of other mineral sources. The description given here pertains to rhenium, and serves as one example of these dispersed metals. 

Society, of course, is in need of metals such as titanium to produce jet engines for aircraft, as much as it needs petroleum products as a source of fuel for their running. Like oil, mineral deposits do not regenerate themselves when they are exhausted. While there exists no threat from any immediate scarcity of mineral sources, if these are to be recovered with minimum or practically no impact on the environment, then it is required that society pays more for these products in order to meet the additional costs incurred when implementing an environmentally benign mining operation. 

Life started as a single compartment, a protocell or cell, of selected reduced chemicals and a restricted number of internal ions using external energy, probably from mineral sources (see Chapter 1 to 4). 

Other waxes have not been studied to the same extent as beeswax. They derive from a variety of plant, animal and also mineral sources, as described in Chapter 1, where more detailed information on their chemical composition is reported. HTGC/MS analysis after solvent extraction has been successfully used to identify spermaceti, candellila and Japan waxes which have been used in the manufacture of works of art [37]. In particular, in the case of spermaceti wax it has been possible to understand the structure of the various isomers of even-numbered esters ranging from C26 to C34, as well as odd-numbered esters detected in low amounts. The mass spectra obtained demonstrated for the first time that spermaceti esters are mainly composed of hexade-canol and octadecanol moieties associated with a range of FAs containing 10 20 carbon atoms. 

Petroleum and other hydrocarbons oils obtained from mineral sources. In rubber compounds they act as softeners and extenders. See Oil Extended Polymer. 

Taking this one step further, perhaps even an inorganic gene may have been provided by clay mineral sources. Earliest clay samples are of a mineral called montmorillonite that consists of sheets of aluminosilicates in which Fe2+, Fe3+ and Mg2+ are substituted for some of the Al3+, and Al3+ is substituted for Si4+. The oxygen content of the layers does not change and the alternative valencies allow the production of positive and negatively charged layers. Dramatically, Paecht-Horowitz and co-workers showed that the amino acid adenylate could be polymerised with up to 50 units on the montmorillonite surface in aqueous solution. Similar condensation reactions for carbohydrates on hydrotalcite surfaces have... 

Mineral sources, lanthanide and yttrium distribution in, 14 6311 Mineral spirits, solvent for cosmetics, 7 832 Minerals processing, history of, 16 596t. 

Yttrium—barium—copper oxide, 3 343, 369 Yttrium—barium—copper—oxide ceramics superconductivity in, 5 603-605 Yttrium distribution, in mineral sources, 14 637t... 

Natural products purified from plant or mineral sources... 

Minerals Sources Solutions Rest potential (mV, SHE) References... 

The principal species of clay minerals. Source-. After Stumm, W. S. and J. J. Morgan (1981). Aquatic Chemistry, John Wiley Sons, Inc., p. 442 and Grim, R. E. (1968). Clay Mineralogy, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, p. 159. 

A list of minerals, sources and a summary of some roles are given in Table 15.4. Shortage of some of these minerals in the diet causes well-known and well-defined deficiency diseases such as anaemia, due to lack of iron, and goitre, due to lack of iodine. As with vitamins, partial deficiencies... 

Figure 6.6 U.S. production of minerals. Source Chemical and Engineering News)...

---