Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

There are multiple causes of diabetes. Whereas the molecular bases of some forms of diabetes are well understood, in many cases etiologies are unknown. It is customary to divide diabetes into two main forms insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), also referred to as Type I or juvenile-onset diabetes, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), also called Type II or maturity-onset diabetes (3). 

Type 2 Diabetes The noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), i.e., type 2 diabetes, is most abundantly linked with obesity in its adult patients largely. In such a situation, the insulin levels could be either elevated or normal and therefore, in short, it is nothing but a disease of abnormal insulin resistance . However, it has been duly observed that the impact of the disease is relatively... 

Type 2—Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Fonner names of this type of diabetes mellitus include maturity-onset diabetes, adult-onset diabetes, and stable diabetes. 

National High Blood Pressure Education Program noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug peripheral resistance... 

Annese V, Bassotti G, Caruso N, De Cosmo S, Gabbrielli A, Modoni S, et al Gastrointestinal motor dysfunction, symptoms, and neuropathy in noninsulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus. J Clin Gastroenterol 1999,29 171-177. 

J5. Joven, J., and Vilella, E., Serum levels of lipoprotein(a) in patients with well-controlled noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 265, 1113-1114 (1991). 

R. A. Hegele, P. W. Connelly, S. W. Scherer, A. J. G. Hanley, S. B. Harris, L. C. Tsui, B. Zinman, Paraoxonase-2 Gene (PON2) G148 Variant Associated with Elevated Fasting Plasma Glucose in Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus , J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997, 82, 3373 - 3377. 

Sato M, Tai T, Nunoura Y, Yajima Y, Kawashima S, Tanaka K. (2002) Dehydrotrametenolic acid induces preadipocyte differentiation and sensitizes animal models of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus to insulin. Bio Pharm Bull 25 81-86. 

Oral antidiabetic agents might be indicated in noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), i.e. diabetes Type II where insulin resistance caused by down-regulation of insulin receptors or a failure of the pancreas to release insulin even though it is formed, play a role. However, oral antidiabetic... 

Antihyperglycemic activity. Dried seeds, administered orally to six patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus at a dose of 50 g/person, was active. A single dose resulted in a glycemic index of 53 4HV047 extract of the dried fruit,... 

They are indicated in maturity onset noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and diabetes mellitus not responding adequately with dietary restrictions or with sulfonylureas. 

Early applications of crystalline fructose focused on foods for special dietary applications, primarily calorie reduction and diabetes control. The latter application sought to capitalize on a significantly lower serum glucose level and insulin response in subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (21,22) and insulin-dependent diabetes (23). However, because fructose is a nutritive sweetener and because dietary fmctose conversion to glucose in the liver requires insulin in the same way as dietary glucose or sucrose, recommendations for its use are the same as for other nutritive sugars (24). Review of the health effects of dietary fmctose is available (25). 

More direct interference with glucose metabolism cannot be excluded. Interferon alfa can reduce the sensitivity of peripheral tissues or liver to insulin and accelerate the destruction of stimulated pancreatic beta-cells (540,541) this could be a possible mechanism in patients not exhibiting islet cell antibodies. This is also in keeping with rare instances of induction or exacerbation of type II noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (SEDA-19, 335). 

There are two types of diabetes mellitus — type I, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and type II, or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 

The elevated blood glucose associated with diabetes mellitus results from absent or inadequate pancreatic insulin secretion, with or without concurrent impairment of insulin action. The disease states underlying the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus are now classified into four categories type 1, "insulin-dependent diabetes," type 2, "noninsulin-dependent diabetes," type 3, "other," and type 4, "gestational diabetes mellitus" (Expert Committee 2002, Mayfield, 1998). 

M. E. Patti and C. R. Kahn. Lessons from transgenic and knockout animals about noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. TEM, 7, 311 319, 1996. 

Rosiglitazone 9, an agonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-y (PPARy), is a recently introduced antihyperglycemic thiazolidinedione effective in the treatment of noninsulin dependant diabetes mellitus (type II diabetes). A seven-step synthesis was developed (Scheme 3), which utilised supported reagents in combination with in-line SPE purifications. The introduction of the pyridine moiety provided a convenient molecular handle by which to purify the molecule throughout the synthesis. Notably, the overall yield (46%) for this synthesis was higher than the yield reported in the initial shorter solution-phase synthesis (31%). ... 

Noninsulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes is the prevalent form of diabetes mellitus found in populations chronically exposed to inorganic arsenic from the environment (Rahman et al, 1998 Tseng, 2002). Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance of internal organs and peripheral tissues that results in impaired glucose utilization, and, consequently, in abnormally high blood glucose levels between and especially after meals. Insulin resistance and P-cell dysfunction can be induced by chronic arsenic exposure and these defects may be responsible for arsenic-induced diabetes mellitus (Tseng, 2004). 

Laube, B.L. Benedict, G.W. Dobs, A.S. Time to peak 54. insulin level, relative bioavailability, and effect of site of deposition of nebulized insulin in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J. Aerosol Med. 1998, 11,... 

Infectious crystalline keratopathy developed in a 73-year-old woman with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus after the use of topical prednisolone 1% eye-drops, for conjunctival injection over 12 months (SEDA-20, 372) (60). 

Gatifloxacin was well tolerated in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus maintained with diet and exercise (17). It had no significant effect on glucose homeostasis, beta cell function, or long-term fasting serum glucose concentrations, but it caused a brief increase in serum insulin concentrations. 

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by inherited or acquired dehciency in insulin production by the pancreas or by resistance of tissues to insulin. Traditionally, the disorder has been divided into type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (noninsulin dependent) forms, although this distinction is not always clear [44-46]. 

Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is an increasingly common disease, and involves an increase in the capacity of the intestine to absorb monosaccharides. This has been linked to a combination of intestinal structural change with a specific increase in the expression of the monosaccharide transporters SGLTl, GLUT5, and GLUT2 [87]. 

High blood glucose levels occur because of either a deficiency of insulin (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM) or the inability of tissues such as adipose and muscle to take up glucose in the presence of normal amounts of insulin (insulin resistance or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [NIDDM]). If insulin-deficiency diabetes mellitus is untreated, the body responds as if it is starving. Fuel stores are degraded in the face of high blood glucose, and ketoacidosis may occur. Many metabolic pathways are affected. 

Biguanides are used as an oral drug for the management of mild to moderately severe, noninsulin-depend-ent (type II) diabetes mellitus in obese patients who are usually above 40 years of age. It is important that for the administration of this drug the disease should have adult onset. 

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