Insulin release

Hepoxylins are metabolites of arachidonic acid which arise from 12-HPETE in tissues such as pancreatic islet cells (where they stimulate glucose-dependent insulin release) and brain (where they appear to have a neuromodulatory role). The structure of the hepoxylins was confirmed by synthesis which also has provided this scarce material for biological investigation. 

Insulin released from the pancreas is monomeric and acts... 

Prandial insulin releasers (meglitinides) Repaglinide, nateglinide Stimulate insulin secretion (rapid and short-acting < 6 h) Oral... 

Antidiabetic Drugs other than Insulin. Figure 1 Sulphonylureas stimulate insulin release by pancreatic (3-cells. They bind to the sulphonylurea receptor (SUR-1), which closes Kir6.2 (ATP-sensitive) potassium channels. This promotes depolarisation, voltage-dependent calcium influx, and activation of calcium-sensitive proteins that control exocytotic release of insulin. 

Insulin-releasing effectiveness Reduced Retained (mostly)... 

As to be expected from a peptide that has been highly conserved during evolution, NPY has many effects, e.g. in the central and peripheral nervous system, in the cardiovascular, metabolic and reproductive system. Central effects include a potent stimulation of food intake and appetite control [2], anxiolytic effects, anti-seizure activity and various forms of neuroendocrine modulation. In the central and peripheral nervous system NPY receptors (mostly Y2 subtype) mediate prejunctional inhibition of neurotransmitter release. In the periphery NPY is a potent direct vasoconstrictor, and it potentiates vasoconstriction by other agents (mostly via Yi receptors) despite reductions of renal blood flow, NPY enhances diuresis and natriuresis. NPY can inhibit pancreatic insulin release and inhibit lipolysis in adipocytes. It also can regulate gut motility and gastrointestinal and renal epithelial secretion. 

Ilkovic equation, 62 Immobilization,, enzyme, 172 Immunoassays, 185 Immunosensors, 183 Infrared spectroelectrochemistiy, 44 Instrumentation, 104 Insulin release, 178... 

FIGURE 12 Effect of insulin released from microspheres of PCPP-SA 50 50 injected subcutaneously in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Details were as described in the text. 

Improvement of glucose utihzation (Leklem., 1998). Non-starchy polysaccharide Improving the immune function and increased insulin release from the pancreas (Masayoshi et a/.,1987). 

Monotherapy with sulfonylureas generally produce a 1.5% to 2% decline in HbAlc concentrations and a 60 to 70 mg/dL (3.33-3.89 mmol/L) reduction in FBG levels. Secondary failure with these drugs occurs at a rate of 5% to 7% per year as a result of continued pancreatic p-cell destruction. One limitation of sulfonylurea therapy is the inability of these products to stimulate insulin release from (1-cells at extremely high glucose levels, a phenomenon called glucose toxicity. 

A pH-sensitive gel, poly(AAc), was used as a coating on capsules containing insulin and surfactant. The capsules protected against insulin release in the upper gastrointestinal tract. As the pH increased to 7.5, drug release increased... 

Figure 22 Insulin release rate (normalized to mg/hr per 160 mg device) from insulin-loaded matrix of polyethyloxazolin-poly(methacrylic acid) complex with the application of step-function electric current in 0.9% saline solution (mean from three measurements). ( ) Current on (5mA) (O) current off. (From Ref. 47.)...

K Ishihara, K Matsui. Glucose-responsive insulin release from polymer capsule. J Polym Sci 24 413-417, 1986. 

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