Insulin serum

Thiazolidinediones (PPARy-agonists) Thiazolidine-diones ( pioglitazone, rosiglitazone) lower blood glucose levels in animal models of insulin resistance and also in insulin resistant patients. They are agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y (PPARy). Because they enhance the effect of insulin and reduce serum insulin levels in insulin resistant patients, thiazolidinediones are usually referred to as insulin sensitizers . 

KHALIL D A, LUCAS E A, lUMA S, SMITH B J, PAYTON M E and ARJMANDI B H (2002) Soy prOteiu supplementation increases serum insulin-like growth factor-1 in young and old men but does not affect markers of bone metabolism. J Nutr 132, 2605-8. 

Figure 12. Minimum serum glucose levels (a) and maximum serum insulin levels (b) as a function of time after the last treatment with 54IU insulin, b.i.d., for nine days.

Li, L, H Ya, F Schumacher, G Casey, and JS Witte. 2003. Relations of serum insulin-like growth factor-1-(IGF-1) and IGF binding protein-3 to risk of prostate cancer(United States). Cancer Causes Control 14 721-726. 

Miyata, Y, H Sakai, T Hayashi, and H Kanetake. 2003. Serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3/ prostate-specific antigen ratio is a useful predictive marker in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 54 125-132. 

In rats, infusion of the insulin secretagogues arginine and glucose induced a calciuria proportional to serum insulin levels. Suppression of insulin secretion by mannoheptulose or streptozotocin prevented the calciuria. Parathyroidectomy did not affect arginine-induced hypercalciuria in the rat, so insulin is not inhibiting parathyroid hormone secretion or activity. 

Figure 1. Regression of percent increase in urine calcium against percent increase in serum insulin.

Figure 2. Peak serum insulin levels vs postprandial urine calcium excretion after a sucrose load.

Blood samples were centrifuged at 1000 x g for 20 min at 0-4°. Ionized calcium levels were immediately determined in serum and urine samples using a calcium ion-selective electrode (Ionetics, Inc., Costa Mesa, CA) urine volumes were recorded. The remaining serum and urine were aliquoted for various analyses and stored at -40°. Serum insulin was analysed by radioimmunoassay (Amersham Corp., Arlington Heights, IL). Serum levels of total calcium, phosphorus and creatinine as well as urine creatinine were determined by colorimetric procedures using an automated analyzer (Centrifichem, Baker Instruments Corp., Pleasantville, NY). Glomerular filtration rates (GFR) were calculated from serum and urine creatinine data GFR = urine creatinine/serum creatinine. 

Table II. Postprandial Effects of Diet on Serum Insulin Levels...

Increasing the dietary calcium level in the high beef meal resulted in hypercalciuria. This effect was obtained in the absence of an altered insulin response which suggests that factors other than or in addition to serum insulin were involved in the control of urinary calcium excretion. 

A flavone xylopyranoside, 4, 5-dihyroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone-3-0-[3-D-xylopyranoside (155), isolated from the roots of Euphorbia leu-cophylla (family Euphorbiaceae) by Satyanarayana et was found to reduce the blood glucose levels (BGLs) and increase the serum insulin levels in normal and diabetic rats. One flavone [l"(- )-5,4, l"-trihy-droxy-6,7-(3",3"-dimethylchromano)flavone 156] and one flavanone [(25)-4 -0-methyl-6-methyl-8-prenylnaringenin 157) both isolated... 

Insulin secretion stimulation. Oil, administered orally to young suckling rabbits, quickened and strengthened the rise of immunoreactive serum insulin ". Intestinal brush border membrane. Oil, administered orally to rats at a dose of 10% for 5 weeks, produced an increase in level of saturated fatty acids in the brush border membrane from coconut oil-fed animals. Membrane fluidity was as follows coconut oil less than commercial pellet diet less than corn oil less than fish oil. The membrane hexose content was high in the coconut-fed rats. Hexamines were elevated in coconut-treated rat brush borders. The activities of alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, and lactase were increased "". 

Effects of different levels of coconut CN085 fiber on blood glucose, serum insulin and minerals in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2000 44(1) 97-100. 

Gershberg H, Zorrilla E, Hernandez A, Hulse M. Effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on serum insulin and growth hormone levels in diabetics and potential diabetics. Obstet Gynecol 1969 33(3) 383-9. 

A 23-year-old diabetic woman had severe subcutaneous insulin resistance for 11 years (169). Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with regular or insulin lispro did not prevent periods of fluctuating responses to insulin. The addition of heparin to insulin lispro in the pump improved serum insulin concentrations and metabolic control. The addition of heparin to regular insulin gave no improvement. 

Suicide by insulin has been reported in a 68-year-old, non-diabetic physician who had also taken metoprolol and alcohol. The blood metoprolol concentration was 0.4 microgram/ml (usual target range 0.035-0.5 micro-gram/ml) and alcohol 122 mg/dl (27 mmol/1). C-pep-tide could not be detected, serum insulin was 1849 iU/ml (normal fasting concentration below 16 pU/ml) (284). 

Soeldner JS, Steinke J. Hypoglycemia in tolbutamide-treated diabetes Report of two casses with measurement of serum insulin. JAMA 1965 193 398-9. 

In 30 patients with lipodystrophy associated with HAART rosiglitazone 8 mg/day for 24 weeks had no effect on body weight, subcutaneous or intra-abdominal fat, total body fat, anthropometry, or serum leptin concentrations (84). However, it reduced percentage liver fat and serum insulin concentrations and normalized liver function tests. During the first 12 weeks serum triglycerides rose from 3.5 to 6.5 mmol/1 and serum cholesterol from 6.0 to 7.8 mmol/1. The results on insulin resistance and lipid profiles were opposite to those found in a comparable study with pioglitazone (83). 

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