Diabetes, non-insulin-dependent

Glibenclamide is an oral antidiabetic agent (sulphonylurea). It acts by increasing insulin secretion and is therefore indicated in type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent) where there is pancreatic activity. 

Where the pancreas is still functioning, albeit less efficiently, the condition is known as type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes, NIDDM),... 

Diabetes mellitus is a very common metabolic disease that is caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency. The lack of this peptide hormone (see p. 76) mainly affects carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Diabetes mellitus occurs in two forms. In type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM), the insulin-forming cells are destroyed in young individuals by an autoimmune reaction. The less severe type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) usually has its first onset in elderly individuals. The causes have not yet been explained in detail in this type. 

Over 5% of the population of western nations is afflicted with diabetes. TTie most prevalent form of diabetes, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, or type 11), is commonly associated with obesity and hypertension, and is believed to be the consequence of altered insulin action or insulin secretion (for review see Defronzo, 1988 Defronzo and Ferrannini, 1991). Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, or type 1 diabetes) accounts for approximately 10% of all cases of diabetes. IDDM is characterized by specific destruction of insulin secreting /3-cells found in islets of Langerhans. Destruction of 80-90% of islet /3-cells causes insulin deficiency and the inability to regulate blood glucose levels. 

Insulin- dependent diabetes Non-insulin- dependent diabetes... 

B. Type II diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM)... 

Diabetes is a worldwide problem afflicting approximately 5% of the adult population of industrialized nations. In the USA 18.2 million people (13 million diagnosed, 5.2 million undiagnosed), approximately 6% of the US population is afflicted with diabetes. Over 40% of the population with diabetes is age 60 or older and 90-95% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes are type II diabetes (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or adult-onset diabetes) [28]. There is a great need to develop the best possible glucose biosensors to continuously, accurately, painlessly and safely monitor blood glucose level to improve the lives of all diabetics. 

Patients with high plasma coneentration of NEFAs have been associated with obesity-and type II diabetes (non-insulin-dependent)-mediated hypertension [24].Interestingly, the dihydropyridine family of calcium channel blockers (e.g. nifedipine and amlodipine) and (0-3 fatty acid supplement (e.g. fish oil) has been reported to either reduce plasma NEFAs concentration or inhibit NEFAs-induced endothelial dysfunction [25, 26] used to treat obesity- and/or type II diabetes-mediated hypertension. 

Type II diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) is due to failure of responsiveness to insulin as a result of decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors (insulin resistance). There is a clear genetic susceptibility to type II diabetes, which usually develops in middle-age, with a gradual onset, and is sometimes known as maturity-onset diabetes. 

MODY is a type of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus caused by rare autosomal-dominant mutations. Presently there are six known forms of the disease which are all due to ineffective insulin production or... 

Meglitinide contains a benzamide group. Meglitinide-related compounds such as nateglinide are non-sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemic drugs used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. 

MARSHALL J A, HAMMAN R F and BAXTER J (1991) High-fat, low-carbohydrate diet and the etiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus the San Luis Valley diabetes study. J Epidemiol. 134 (6) 590-603. 

SALMERON J, MANSON J E, STAMPFER M J, COLDITZ G, WING A L and WILLET W C (1997b) Dietary fiber, glycemic load and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA. 277 (6) 472-7. 

Kaji, H., Kurasaki, M., Ito, K., Saito, T., Saito, K., Niioka, T., Kojima, Y., Ohsaki, Y., Ide, H., Tsuji, M., Kondo, T. and Kawakami, Y. (1985). Increased lipoperoxide value and glutathione peroxidase activity in blood plasma of type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic women. Klin. Wochenschr. 63, 765-8. 

NIDDM Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus PCR Polymerase chain reaction... 

The patient is taking glyburide for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and has been treated in the past for peptic ulcer disease with ranitidine and omeprazole. He has a history of allergy to various types of pollen but reports no allergies to drugs. He reports moderate consumption of alcohol and smoking 2 packs of cigarettes per day. 

Mutations in GK (Hx IV) causes maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MOD Y), a form of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) characterized by onset before 25 years of age and an autosomal dominant inheritance (PI 2). This suggests that the mutations in other forms of Hx may also contribute to the development of NIDDM. Among them, Hx II is a particularly attractive candidate, although this isozyme is not expressed in red blood cells. Hx II has been analyzed extensively in the muscle of prediabetic insulin-resistant individuals. But studies have shown that Hx II mutation alone is unlikely to have a significant role in the development of peripheral insulin resistance and NIDDM (L6). 

Frati AC, Jimenez E and Ariza CR. 1990b. Hypoglycemic effect of Opuntia ficus-indica in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Phytother Res 4 195—197. 

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