Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

There are multiple causes of diabetes. Whereas the molecular bases of some forms of diabetes are well understood, in many cases etiologies are unknown. It is customary to divide diabetes into two main forms insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), also referred to as Type I or juvenile-onset diabetes, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), also called Type II or maturity-onset diabetes (3). 

Blood sugar (blood glucose) in human beings is controlled by the secretion of (—>) insulin by the beta (B- or (3-) cells of the islands of Langerhans in the pancreas. Loss of insulin synthesis leads to (—>) diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, EDDM) begins in juveniles as an organ-specific autoimmune reaction, the destructive insulitis. 

MODY is a type of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus caused by rare autosomal-dominant mutations. Presently there are six known forms of the disease which are all due to ineffective insulin production or... 

Meglitinide contains a benzamide group. Meglitinide-related compounds such as nateglinide are non-sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemic drugs used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. 

First trials with CD3 antibodies for therapy of autoimmune diseases (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus psoriatic arthritis... 

Type 1—Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Fonner names of this type of diabetes... 

MARSHALL J A, HAMMAN R F and BAXTER J (1991) High-fat, low-carbohydrate diet and the etiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus the San Luis Valley diabetes study. J Epidemiol. 134 (6) 590-603. 

SALMERON J, MANSON J E, STAMPFER M J, COLDITZ G, WING A L and WILLET W C (1997b) Dietary fiber, glycemic load and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA. 277 (6) 472-7. 

Pitkanen, O.M., Martin, J.M., Hallman, M., Akerblom, H.K., Sariola. H. and Andersson, S.M. (1991). Free radical activity during development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the rat. Life Sci. 50, 335-339. 

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl I Med 1993 329 977-986. 

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus since age 7 it is "reasonably well-controlled" per patient Hypertension for 2 years, currently "controlled" per patient... 

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)-well controlled... 

NIDDM Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus PCR Polymerase chain reaction... 

The patient is taking glyburide for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and has been treated in the past for peptic ulcer disease with ranitidine and omeprazole. He has a history of allergy to various types of pollen but reports no allergies to drugs. He reports moderate consumption of alcohol and smoking 2 packs of cigarettes per day. 

GN Glomerulonephritis graduate nurse IDDM Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus... 

Mutations in GK (Hx IV) causes maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MOD Y), a form of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) characterized by onset before 25 years of age and an autosomal dominant inheritance (PI 2). This suggests that the mutations in other forms of Hx may also contribute to the development of NIDDM. Among them, Hx II is a particularly attractive candidate, although this isozyme is not expressed in red blood cells. Hx II has been analyzed extensively in the muscle of prediabetic insulin-resistant individuals. But studies have shown that Hx II mutation alone is unlikely to have a significant role in the development of peripheral insulin resistance and NIDDM (L6). 

Osterode W, Holler C, Ulberth F (1996) Nutritional antioxidants, red cell membrane fluidity and blood viscosity in type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 13(12) 1044-1050... 

Spielman RS, McGinnis RE, Ewens WJ. Transmission test for linkage disequilibrium the insulin gene region and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Am J Hum Genet 1993 52[3] 506-516. 

Frati AC, Jimenez E and Ariza CR. 1990b. Hypoglycemic effect of Opuntia ficus-indica in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Phytother Res 4 195—197. 

The answer is a. (Hardman, p 1510.) Although the mechanism of action of metformin and other biguanicies is unclear, biguanides virtually never cause hypoglycemia They operate independently of pancreatic p cells but are not useful in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Some possible mechanisms of action are direct stimulation of glycolysis in peripheral tissues, increased sensitivity to insulin, and reduction of glucagon levels. 

Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy in the United States. Approximately half of all diabetics demonstrate evidences of neuropathy. The usual clinical pattern is that of a slowly progressive, mixed sensorimotor and autonomic polyneuropathy. More acute, asymmetrical motor neuropathies are also seen, usually affecting the lumbosacral plexus, particularly in older persons with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Patients with diabetes mellitus are also prone to develop isolated palsies of cranial nerve III or VII, and there is a high incidence of asymptomatic focal demyelin-ation in the distal median nerve. 

Therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is usually achieved by daily subcutaneous injections of insulin, and insulin-mimetics which can be orally administered may be useful for the treatment of type I diabetes (insulin dependent) if suitable complexes of low toxicity can be identified (510, 511). 

D8. Dean, J. D., Bishop, A., Morgan, R., Carolan, G., Owens, D. R., and Rees, A., Lipopro-tein(a) in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Nutr. Metab. 5, 95-98 (1992). 

K15. Klausen, I. C., Berg Schmidt, E., Lervang, H. H., Gerdes, L. U., Ditzel, J., and Faergeman, O., Normal lipoprotein(a) concentrations and apolipoprotein(a) isoforms in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 22, 538-541 (1992). 

Ul. Umeda, F., Watanabe, J., Inouue, K., Hisatomi, A., Mimura, K., Yamauchi, T., Sako, Y., Kunisaki, M., Tajiri, Y., and Nawata, H., Effect of pravastatin on serum lipids, apolipopro-teins and lipoprotein (a) in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Endocrinol. Jpn. 39, 45-50 (1992). 

Type 1 Autoimmune disease resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. Formerly referred to as juvenile onset diabetes, type I DM or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Ketosis is common in poorly controlled subjects. 

Type 2 Peripheral tissue resistance to the action of insulin Insulin secretory defects Includes those formerly classified as adult onset diabetes, type II DM or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Ketosis is rare. 

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