Noninsulin-dependent diabetes

There are multiple causes of diabetes. Whereas the molecular bases of some forms of diabetes are well understood, in many cases etiologies are unknown. It is customary to divide diabetes into two main forms insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), also referred to as Type I or juvenile-onset diabetes, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), also called Type II or maturity-onset diabetes (3). 

Early applications of crystalline fructose focused on foods for special dietary applications, primarily calorie reduction and diabetes control. The latter application sought to capitalize on a signiftcandy lower serum glucose level and insulin response in subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes melUtus (21,22) and insulin-dependent diabetes (23). However, because fmctose is a nutritive sweetener and because dietary fmctose conversion to glucose in the hver requires insulin in the same way as dietary glucose or sucrose, recommendations for its use are the same as for other nutritive sugars (24). Review of the health effects of dietary fmctose is available (25). 

Type 2—Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Fonner names of this type of diabetes mellitus include maturity-onset diabetes, adult-onset diabetes, and stable diabetes. 

National High Blood Pressure Education Program noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug peripheral resistance... 

We have already had a glimpse into the future with the recent approval of a new approach for the treatment of adult onset, noninsulin dependent diabetes (NIDD). In this disease, also known as Type 2 diabetes, the body becomes increasingly resistant to insulin and loses its ability to control sugar levels. 

At present, antioxidants are extensively studied as supplements for the treatment diabetic patients. Several clinical trials have been carried out with vitamin E. In 1991, Ceriello et al. [136] showed that supplementation of vitamin E to insulin-requiring diabetic patients reduced protein glycosylation without changing plasma glucose, probably due to the inhibition of the Maillard reaction. Then, Paolisso et al. [137] found that vitamin E decreased glucose level and improved insulin action in noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients. Recently, Jain et al. [138] showed that vitamin E supplementation increased glutathione level and diminished lipid peroxidation and HbAi level in erythrocytes of type 1 diabetic children. Similarly, Skyrme-Jones et al. [139] demonstrated that vitamin E supplementation improved endothelial vasodilator function in type 1 diabetic children supposedly due to the suppression of LDL oxidation. Devaraj et al. [140] used the urinary F2-isoprostane test for the estimate of LDL oxidation in type 2 diabetics. They also found that LDL oxidation decreased after vitamin E supplementation to patients. 

A comprehensive, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of infused bolus L-arg and its enantiomer (D-arg) included healthy subjects, non-insulin dependent diabetics, hypertensive subjects, and normotensives with primary hypercholesterolemia [147]. A blood-pressure drop and an acute inhibition of ADP-induced aggregation in platelet-rich plasma were observed in all subjects after L-arg administration (<5 g). Both responses to L-arg infusion closely correlated in magnitude, were weaker in noninsulin dependent diabetics and hypercholesterolemics, and declined with increasing age. Notably, D-arg did not elicit any of the L-arg effects, which were reduced by some 70% when superimposed upon ongoing, nonselective NOS inhibition with infused L-N-monomethyl-arginine (L-NMMA). Since D-arg is not a NOS substrate, and L-NMMA is a substrate-competitive NOS inhibitor, the L-arg effects observed in this study were theorized to reflect a rise in vascular NO production by eNOS. In contrast, the inhibition of platelet aggregation observed in vitro after a 5 min L-arg infusion (160 mg total dose) into healthy subjects and patients with angiographic... 

J5. Joven, J., and Vilella, E., Serum levels of lipoprotein(a) in patients with well-controlled noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 265, 1113-1114 (1991). 

R. A. Hegele, P. W. Connelly, S. W. Scherer, A. J. G. Hanley, S. B. Harris, L. C. Tsui, B. Zinman, Paraoxonase-2 Gene (PON2) G148 Variant Associated with Elevated Fasting Plasma Glucose in Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus , J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997, 82, 3373 - 3377. 

Pastors, J. G., Blaisdell, P. W., Balm, T. K., Asplin, C. M., and Pohl, S. L. (1991). Psyllium fiber reduces rise in postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53,1431-1435. 

Sato M, Tai T, Nunoura Y, Yajima Y, Kawashima S, Tanaka K. (2002) Dehydrotrametenolic acid induces preadipocyte differentiation and sensitizes animal models of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus to insulin. Bio Pharm Bull 25 81-86. 

Oral antidiabetic agents might be indicated in noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), i.e. diabetes Type II where insulin resistance caused by down-regulation of insulin receptors or a failure of the pancreas to release insulin even though it is formed, play a role. However, oral antidiabetic... 

Antihyperglycemic activity. Dried seeds, administered orally to six patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus at a dose of 50 g/person, was active. A single dose resulted in a glycemic index of 53 4HV047 extract of the dried fruit,... 

Hypolipidemic activity. Seed hull, administered to mice at a dose of 2.5% of diet for 18 weeks, was inactive " . The husk, administered orally to male Hartley guinea pigs at doses of 7.5 or 10 g/100 g of Plantago ovata for 4 weeks, exerted a hypolipidemic effect by affecting bile acid absorption and altering hepatic cholesterol metabolism Insulin release inhibition. Seed administered orally to 18 patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes at a dose of 13.6 g/day lowered insulin levels by 17% . 

They are indicated in maturity onset noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and diabetes mellitus not responding adequately with dietary restrictions or with sulfonylureas. 

Infectious crystalline keratopathy developed in a 73-year-old woman with noninsulin-dependent diabetes... 

More direct interference with glucose metabolism cannot be excluded. Interferon alfa can reduce the sensitivity of peripheral tissues or liver to insulin and accelerate the destruction of stimulated pancreatic beta-cells (540,541) this could be a possible mechanism in patients not exhibiting islet cell antibodies. This is also in keeping with rare instances of induction or exacerbation of type II noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (SEDA-19, 335). 

There are two types of diabetes mellitus — type I, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and type II, or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 

The elevated blood glucose associated with diabetes mellitus results from absent or inadequate pancreatic insulin secretion, with or without concurrent impairment of insulin action. The disease states underlying the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus are now classified into four categories type 1, "insulin-dependent diabetes," type 2, "noninsulin-dependent diabetes," type 3, "other," and type 4, "gestational diabetes mellitus" (Expert Committee 2002, Mayfield, 1998). 

A14. Armstrong, A. M., Chestnutt, J. E., Gormley, M. J., and Young, I. S., The effect of dietary treatment on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in newly diagnosed noninsulin dependent diabetes. Free Radio. Biol. Med. 21, 719-726 (1996). 

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