Insulin-dependent

There are multiple causes of diabetes. Whereas the molecular bases of some forms of diabetes are well understood, in many cases etiologies are unknown. It is customary to divide diabetes into two main forms insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), also referred to as Type I or juvenile-onset diabetes, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), also called Type II or maturity-onset diabetes (3). 

In 1986, the FDA s Sugars Task Force assessed the impact of sugar consumption on human health and nutrition and concluded that sucrose is not an independent risk factor for heart disease, nor does it cause or contribute to the development of diabetes (62). Although diet is important after the onset of diabetes, sucrose can be well tolerated by insulin-dependent diabetics (63—65). 

Early applications of crystalline fructose focused on foods for special dietary applications, primarily calorie reduction and diabetes control. The latter application sought to capitalize on a signiftcandy lower serum glucose level and insulin response in subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes melUtus (21,22) and insulin-dependent diabetes (23). However, because fmctose is a nutritive sweetener and because dietary fmctose conversion to glucose in the hver requires insulin in the same way as dietary glucose or sucrose, recommendations for its use are the same as for other nutritive sugars (24). Review of the health effects of dietary fmctose is available (25). 

Antidiabetic Drugs other than Insulin. Figure 3 The antihyperglycaemic effect of metformin involves enhanced insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production and muscle glucose uptake. Metformin also exerts non-insulin-dependent effects on these tissues, including reduced fatty acid oxidation and increased anaerobic glucose metabolism by the intestine. FA, fatty acid f, increase i decrease. 

Blood sugar (blood glucose) in human beings is controlled by the secretion of (—>) insulin by the beta (B- or (3-) cells of the islands of Langerhans in the pancreas. Loss of insulin synthesis leads to (—>) diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, EDDM) begins in juveniles as an organ-specific autoimmune reaction, the destructive insulitis. 

Increased lipid synthesis/inhibi-tion of lipolysis Activation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL)/induc-tion of fatty acid synthase (FAS)/inactivation of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) Facilitated uptake of fatty acids by LPL-dependent hydrolysis of triacylglycerol from circulating lipoproteins. Increased lipid synthesis through Akt-mediated FAS-expression. Inhibition of lipolysis by preventing cAMP-dependent activation of HSL (insulin-dependent activation of phosphodiesterases )... 

MODY is a type of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus caused by rare autosomal-dominant mutations. Presently there are six known forms of the disease which are all due to ineffective insulin production or... 

Meglitinide contains a benzamide group. Meglitinide-related compounds such as nateglinide are non-sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemic drugs used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. 

First trials with CD3 antibodies for therapy of autoimmune diseases (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus psoriatic arthritis... 

Type 1—Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Fonner names of this type of diabetes... 

Type 2 diabetes adjunct to insulin therapy in the stabilization of certain cases of insulin-dependent diabetes (type 1)... 

MARSHALL J A, HAMMAN R F and BAXTER J (1991) High-fat, low-carbohydrate diet and the etiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus the San Luis Valley diabetes study. J Epidemiol. 134 (6) 590-603. 

SALMERON J, MANSON J E, STAMPFER M J, COLDITZ G, WING A L and WILLET W C (1997b) Dietary fiber, glycemic load and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA. 277 (6) 472-7. 

Collier, A., Jackson, M., Dawkes, R.M., Bell, D. and Clarke, B.F. (1988). Reduced free radical activity detected by decreased diene conjugates in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Diabetic Med. 5, 747-749. 

Kaji, H., Kurasaki, M., Ito, K., Saito, T., Saito, K., Niioka, T., Kojima, Y., Ohsaki, Y., Ide, H., Tsuji, M., Kondo, T. and Kawakami, Y. (1985). Increased lipoperoxide value and glutathione peroxidase activity in blood plasma of type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic women. Klin. Wochenschr. 63, 765-8. 

Pitkanen, O.M., Martin, J.M., Hallman, M., Akerblom, H.K., Sariola. H. and Andersson, S.M. (1991). Free radical activity during development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the rat. Life Sci. 50, 335-339. 

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl I Med 1993 329 977-986. 

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus since age 7 it is "reasonably well-controlled" per patient Hypertension for 2 years, currently "controlled" per patient... 

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)-well controlled... 

NIDDM Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus PCR Polymerase chain reaction... 

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