Data presentation

The emphasis in this handbook is on experimentally determined values rather than estimated values. The latter are included when there is a lack of experimental data. Included in the experimental data are indirect measurements using GC or HPLC retention times. 

The names, formula, melting and boiling point and density data are self-explanatory. 

The molar volumes are in some cases at the stated temperature and in other cases at the normal boiling point. Certain calculated molecular volumes are also used thus the reader is cautioned to ensure that when using a molar volume in any correlation, it is correctly selected. In the case of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, the Le Bas molar volume is regarded as suspect because of the compact nature of the multi-ring compounds. It should thus be regarded as merely an indication of relative volume, not an absolute volume. 

Heats of fusion, AHfus, are generally expressed in kcal/mol or kJ/mol and entropies of fusion, ASlus in cal/mol-K (e.u. or entropy unit) or J/mol K. The fugacity ratio F, as discussed in Section 1.2.8, is used to calculate the supercooled liquid vapor pressure or solubility for correlation purposes. In the case of liquids such as benzene, it is 1.0. For solids it is a fraction representing the ratio of solid-to-liquid solubility or vapor pressure. 

A wide variety of solubilities (in units of g/m3 or the equivalent mg/L) have been reported. Experimental data have the method of determination indicated. In other compilations of data the reported value has merely been quoted from another secondary source. In some cases the value has been calculated. The abbreviations are generally self-explanatory and usually include two entries, the method of equilibration followed by the method of determination. From these values a single value is selected for inclusion in the summary data table. Vapor pressures and octanol-water partition coefficients are selected similarly. 

Yields of the various lignin fractions may be presented in a tabular form, showing the distribution of lignin in relation to molecular weight cutoffs. Tables 

2 and 8.4.3 illustrate the tabular presentation of ultrafiltration data for a spruce spent sulfite liquor and a sulfonated kraft lignin. From these data, the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of lignin is estimated by the equation 

---

The accuracy of the calculations depends directly on the reliability of the experimental data. The correlated data presented in the Appendices were taken from standard literature sources while these data are probably reliable for most fluids, it is not possible to be certain that they are reliable for all. 

The illustrative data presented in Table VII-3 indicate that the total surface energy may amount to a few tenths of a calorie per gram for particles on the order of 1 /xm in size. When the solid interface is destroyed, as by dissolving, the surface energy appears as an extra heat of solution, and with accurate calorimetry it is possible to measure the small difference between the heat of solution of coarse and of finely crystalline material. 

We would like to acknowledge A P Alivisatos and C V Shank, as well as all past and current members of the Alivisatos group for their insight and help with many of the ideas and data presented in this chapter. We would also like to acknowledge Steve Robertson for inspired assistance with the references and figures. 

Whereas a model-driven method imposes a rigid classification scheme onto a set of reactions, the data-driven methods try to derive a classification from the data presented. 

Table 14 2 repeats some approximate data presented earlier m Table 1 7 for the acid strengths of representative hydrocarbons and reference compounds... 

Smoothed data presented at rounded temperatures, such as are available in Tables 6.2 and 6.4, plus the C° values at 298 K listed in Table 6.1 and 6.3, are especially suitable for substitution in the foregoing parabolic equations. The use of such a parabolic fit is appropriate for interpolation, but data extrapolated outside the original temperature range should not be sought. 

Examination of the right-hand ordinate of Fig. 5.2 shows that the data presented there represent only about the last 20% of the range of p values. The zero of the time scale has thus been shifted to pick up the analysis of the reaction at this point. 

Estimate the chain transfer constants for styrene to isopropylbenzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and benzene from the data presented in Fig. 6.8. Comment... 

The particle sizes of fillers are usually collected and ordered to yield size distributions which are frequendy plotted as cumulative weight percent finer than vs diameter, often given as esd, on a log probabiUty graph. In this manner, most unmodified fillers yield a straight-line relationship or log normal distribution. Inspection of the data presented in this manner can yield valuable information about the filler. The coarseness of a filler is often quantified as the esd at the 99.9% finer-than value. Deviations from linearity at the high and low ends of the plot suggest that either fractionation has occurred to remove coarse or fine particles or the data are suspect in these ranges. 

Forensic scientists work with physical evidence, ie, "data presented to a court or jury in proof of the facts in issue and which may include the testimony of witnesses, records, documents or objects." Physical evidence is teal or tangible and can HteraHy include almost anything, eg, the transient scent of perfume on the clothing of an assault victim the metaboHte of a dmg detected in the urine of an individual in a driving-under-the-influence-of-dmgs case the scene of an explosion or bullets removed from a murder victim s body. 

The development of fiber optics technology, user-friendly displays, and enhanced data presentation capabihties have made on-line analysis acceptable within the plant manufactuting environment. However, it is apparent that a barrier stiU exists to some extent within many organizations between the process control engineers, the plant operations department, and the analytical function, and proper sampling is stiU the key to successful process analytical chemistry. The ultimate goal is not to handle the sample at ah. 

It would be incomplete for any discussion of soap crystal phase properties to ignore the colloidal aspects of soap and its impact. At room temperature, the soap—water phase diagram suggests that the soap crystals should be surrounded by an isotropic Hquid phase. The colloidal properties are defined by the size, geometry, and interconnectiviness of the soap crystals. Correlations between the coUoid stmcture of the soap bar and the performance of the product are somewhat quaUtative, as there is tittle hard data presented in the literature. However, it might be anticipated that smaller crystals would lead to a softer product. Furthermore, these smaller crystals might also be expected to dissolve more readily, leading to more lather. Translucent and transparent products rely on the formation of extremely small crystals to impart optical clarity. 

Many databases can be classified in multiple ways because of multiple type data, eg, text and numeric data, text and image data, image and audio data, etc. Also included in the data presented in Table 1 are two additional classes of databases, electronic services and software. Both of these data types could also be classed by form of representation because of use of words and numbers. However, the way in which these databases are used is different and they have special characteristics. Thus they are presented as additional classes. Whereas electronic information services such as bulletin boards, electronic mail, and electronic conferencing contain data that are transitory and nonarchival, these must be included among databases because several of the principal vendors seU these services in the same way as database search services are sold. 

ITPAIS, the Image Technology Patent Information System was developed between 1975—1985 by Eastman Kodak Co., Agfa-Gevaert (Antwerp/Leverkusen), and Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., and encompasses selected patents and Hterature references related principally to the chemical aspects of image technology. Search terms used for this table were the same as in the previous edition, and the Derwent patent database was used for the search data presented here. 

A number of attempts have been made to quairtify this model by means of fundamental quantum-mechanical calculations on the free electron transport in metals and alloys, but at dre present time, the qualitative data presented in Table 5.1 will suffice to indicate the U eirds. 

As before, the data presented here are approximate, intended for the first phase of design. When the choice has narrowed sufficiently, it is important to consult more exhaustive data compilations (see Further Reading) and then to obtain detailed specifications from the supplier of the material you intend to use. Finally, if the component is a critical one, you should conduct your own tests. The properties of ceramics are more variable than those of metals the same material, from two different suppliers, could differ in toughness and strength by a factor of two. 

The data presented in the following sections of this review demonstrate, however, that and... 

Fig. 52. (a) The frequency swept dipole-dipole driven NMR spectra of thioanisole recorded at a variety of magnetic fields, (b) The NMR and sideband transitions observed in the thioanisole data presented as a plot of magnetic field versus transition frequency. The transitions are defined in fig. 51. 

The monitoring software for every system will be different. However, all software is there to achieve one goal—it must gather data, ensure that it is correct, and then analyze and diagnose the data. Presentations must be in a convenient form and should be easily understood by plant operational personnel. All priorities must be to the data collection process. This process must not in any manner be hampered since it is the corner stone of the whole system. 

The data presented in Figure 19.7 were obtained on a Sonntag-Universal machine which flexes a beam in tension and compression. Whereas the acetal resin was subjected to stresses at 1800 cycles per minute at 75°F and at 100% RH, the nylons were cycled at only 1200 cycles per minute and had a moisture content of 2.5%. The polyethylene sample was also flexed at 1200 cycles per minute. Whilst the moisture content has not been found to be a significant factor it has been observed that the geometry of the test piece and, in particular, the presence of notches has a profound effect on the fatigue endurance limit. 

Whilst the data presented in such diagrams is useful, particularly where many such diagrams may be inspected simultaneously, I do have certain reservations. The pui-pose of a graph or diagram is to provide an instant visual impact. My personal experience when I look at these diagrams is that the instant impact is of... 

The high density hybrid monoliths would thus appear to be well suited to storage applications. However, the data presented here are for hybrid monoliths that are far from optimum as storage carbons. A great deal of development work is required to increase the micropore volume and storage capacity of the monoliths. Some of our preliminary work in this context is discussed subsequently. 

The comparison made in Section 6.1 demonstrates the important effect the amount of purge has on the performance of the carbon canister in terms of limiting the amoimt of HC release. This effect is also shown in the data presented in Fig. 21. In this example, the vehicle has been subjected to the same test cycle sequence as before, but in this case two different levels of purging are examined. Also, a two liter canister is used on the vehicle for the testing at both purge levels, in order to see the effect of purge level on a single canister volume. 

These latter curves are particularly important when they are obtained experimentally because they are less time consuming and require less specimen preparation than creep curves. Isochronous graphs at several time intervals can also be used to build up creep curves and indicate areas where the main experimental creep programme could be most profitably concentrated. They are also popular as evaluations of deformational behaviour because the data presentation is similar to the conventional tensile test data referred to in Section 2.3. It is interesting to note that the isochronous test method only differs from that of a conventional incremental loading tensile test in that (a) the presence of creep is recognised, and (b) the memory which the material has for its stress history is accounted for by the recovery periods. 

In investigating the metal coating of C70, we will also replace Ba by Ca in the data presented. The coaling of the fullerenes with the latter material is basically identical but exhibits additional interesting features that will be discussed below. Figure 3 shows two mass spectra, the upper one of C oCa, the lower of CvoCa, both obtained under similar conditions as the spec-... 

The length of the circulation zone (bubble), L, created when the linear jet is supplied at an angle a to the surface was studied experimentally by Bourque and Newman and theoretically by Sawyer.The effect of the angle between the jet axis at the outlet and the surface on the length of the circulation bubble is shown in Fig. 7.32, reproduced from Awbi. The data presented in Fig. 7.32 show that at sufficiently high Reynolds number the length of the circulation zone is independent of the Reynolds number. 

We have data from two independent measurements and two parameters to be fitted with these data. The more data we have, the more reliable will be the parameter fitting. Changing the values and and repeating the numerical calculation of the pressure loss by Eq. (14.126), we found that the best coincidence with the empirical data presented was obtained by... 

---