Presentation of data

The common way of presenting particle size data of different powders is in form of a plot. Normally, the particle size axis is the x or horizontal and 

A cumulative plot will, therefore, include a broad range of particle sizes. It is often convenient, however, to refer to a single characteristic size for the system. Many characteristic sizes have been proposed, most of them 

The Gates-Gaudin-Schuhmann function is expressed as (Harris, 1968) 

The Rosin-Rammler fimction is widely used in particle size distribution characterization. It was introduced in comminution studies in 1933 (Harris, 1971/1972), but was also used to describe the particle size distribution of moon dust (Allen, 1981). Usually, it is a two-parameter function given as a cumulative percentage undersize (Svarovsky, 2000)  

This part of Chapter 11 is concerned with the mathematical processing of data to obtain the desired quantitative results. At an initial stage, numerical methods are intrinsic, since data consist of a set of observed points —usually pairs y, of a dependent quantity y, measured for a specified value of the independent variable Xj. Of course, y could be a function of two variables x and z, in which case one often holds z constant and measures 

The data provided here is divided into 10 sections, reflecting the chemical classes of the adhesives. For each of these the information is presented in two distinct forms  

These codings were determined by examining alt of the particular property data for all of the adhesives included in that class. 

Data Sheets - Each data sheet contains  

The terms stated In the key are an alphabetical compilation of all of those used within the data sections, i.e. comparison tables and data sheets. Many are common to all adhesive classes, whereas some may have a slightly different interpretation for particular cases (as stated in the descriptions). 

X ( C) Lap shear strength at temperature stated, in MPa. Often upper service temperature. 

Particle size distributions are presented either in an analytical form (as a function) or as a set of data in a table or a diagram. The distributions are given as either frequencies/(jc) or cumulative frequencies (expressed as fractions or percentages) F(x) which mutually correspond because the frequency curve can be obtained by differentiation of the cumulative curve 

Differentiation is often unnecessary because the required data processing (such as grade efficiency evaluation— see section 3.2.2—or evaluation of mean diameters) may be made using the cumulative plots directly. The main advantage of the distribution frequency curve is, however, that it gives a good illustration of the size spectrum particularly if it happens to be multimodal, i.e. if it has more than one local maximum. 

Owing to the gradual increase in the avaUabUity and capacity of computers, it is becoming more and more convenient and feasible to fit an analytical function to the experimental particle size distribution data and then handle this function mathematically in further treatment It is for example very much easier to evaluate mean sizes from analytical functions than from experimental data. Apart from the many curve-fitting techniques available, use can also be made of special graph papers which exist for many of the common 

The normal distribution is a symmetrical bell-shaped curve referred to in statistics as a Gaussian curve. It is a two-parameter function, one parameter is the mean, Xa which due to the symmetry of the curve coincides with the mode and median, and the other is the standard deviation a, which is a measure of the width of the distribution. The normal distribution of particle size is given by 

Graph papers are available on which the integral function to equation 2.20 (F(x)) is plotted against particle size x normal distributions give straight lines on such a grid and the two parameters for equation 2.20 can be easily determined the mean (which is also the median) corresponds to 50%, the standard deviation is the 84% size minus the 50% size. 

There are two important principles in geophysical work. They are as follows  

Different geologic conditions can have similar seismic effects. 

Different seismic effects may be caused by similar geologic conditions. 

To help address these issues, geologists and geophysicists compile a series of interpretive maps and cross sections. These maps are typically bathymetric, seafloor material, isopach, shallow structure, and geologic feature maps for both hazards and design surveys. These various maps may also be combined and other special-purpose maps constructed. 

These maps and cross sections help to visualize the engineering significance of three-dimensional features. Each of these is discussed as follows  

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The Evaluation system is a Windows based open system through DLL, Dynamic Link Library, which provides great flexibility in evaluation and presentation of data. It also makes it possible to customise evaluation and images for special applications The time gates can be set after testing and there is a 256 colour range for amplitude. The software include FFT -facilities which enables measurements on used probes for parameters such as center frequenzy and bandwidth. 

In any event the value of iri the presence of a chemical reac tion normally is larger than the value found when only physical absorption occurs, 7c . This has led to the presentation of data on the effects of chemical reaction in terms of the reaction factor or enhancement factor defined as... 

Use of arithmetie graph paper tends to buneh at the lower end (due to the expansion of the sieve size seale). This ean be overeome by use of semi-log or log-log graph paper. Also note that eumulative graphs have the effeet of smoothing out the data. This ean be a useful effeet in the presentation of data Care should be exereised, however, to prevent important features of the distribution being obseured in analytieal work. 

This algebraic treatment of units to create pure numbers is also convenient for the unambiguous presentation of data in tables and figures. 

Qualitative presentation of data, 14 Quantitative aspects of equilibrium, 151... 

Quantitative analysis, infrared, 250 Quantitative presentation of data, 14 Quantum mechanics, 259, 260 and the hydrogen atom, 259 Quantum number, 260 and hydrogen atom, 260 and orbitals, 261 principal, 260... 

B20. Biancone, F., Companile, A., Galimi, G., and Goffi, M., Forced convection burn-out and hydrodynamic instability experiments for water at high pressure. 1. Presentation of data for round tubes with uniform and nonuniform power distribution, EUR 2490e (1965). 

In a further case relating to the structure of data stored on or in a record carrier used in a picture retrieval system, the European Patent Office s Boards of Appeal have considered the issue of patentability of a data structure [22]. Initially the patent application had been rejected on the grounds that the presentation of data was excluded from patentability (see above). However, in accepting an appeal filed by the patent applicant, the Board pointed out that there was a difference between the functional data, which controlled the technical working of the system, and the cognitive information, which represented the picture that could be retrieved and displayed. The Board stated that functional data relates to data that control the technical operation of the system. These data do not relate to the presentation of information, and thus data structures containing this information should be patentable. On the other hand, the cognitive information relates to the picture that could be retrieved and displayed. 

Presentation of Data and Control Analysis", ASTM STP 15D Phlladelpla, PA, 1976. 

A better method for the presentation of data on flow-sheets is shown in Figure 4.2. In this method each stream line is numbered and the data tabulated at the bottom of the sheet. Alterations and additions can be easily made. This is the method generally used by professional design offices. A typical commercial flow-sheet is shown in Figure 4.3. Guide rules for the layout of this type of flow-sheet presentation are given in Section 4.2.5. 

Section 23 of the fourth edition of the Chemical Engineer s Handbook has an excellent presentation of data concerning materials of construction and corrosion. 

Biancone, F., A. Campanile, G. Galimi, and M. Goffi, 1965, Forced Convection Burnout and Hydrodynamic Instability. Experiments for Water at High Pressure. I. Presentation of Data for Round Tubes with Uniform and Non-Uniform Power Distribution, Italian Rep. EUR-2490 e, European Atomic Energy Community, Brussels, Belgium. (5)... 

Nevertheless, we were able to develop a transient absorption apparatus involving IR probe radiation that is suitable for gas phase studies, as have a number of other groups either coincident with or subsequent to our work [1]. In the remainder of this article we will discuss the apparatus and the results of our studies on three prototypical metal carbonyl species Fe(C0>5, Cr(C0>5 and Mn2(CO)] o The discussion in this article will center on the nature of the photolytically generated coordinatively unsaturated species, their kinetic behavior and photophysical information regarding these species. This latter information has enabled us to comment on the mechanism for photodissociation in these systems. Since most of the results that will be discussed have been presented elsewhere [3-10], we will concentrate on a presentation of data that illustrates the most important features that have come out of our research and directly related research regarding the kinetics, photophysics and photochemistry of coordinatively unsaturated metal carbonyls. 

Results from such experiments will be discussed below after presentation of data from simpler experiments which not only are consistent with the beam results but also extend the range of temperature-coverage conditions and, in some cases, directly assess the coverage. 

Graphical presentation of data assists in determining the form of the function of a single variable (or two variables). The response y versus the independent variable x can be plotted and the resulting form of the model evaluated visually. Figure 2.4 shows experimental heat transfer data plotted on log-log coordinates. The plot... 

Rossini s paper on the enthalpy of formation of water [99] is a masterpiece in terms of careful description of the experiment and presentation of data. It makes us wonder if the publication of all those details, which have been essential for updating the value of Af7/°(H20,1) over the years, would still be accepted by most modern journals. If the current tendency to eliminate from publications the reporting of primary results and basic experimental details had prevailed in the 1930s, Rossini s work on water would probably have had to be repeated by later investigators. 

There are many details of a safe harbor that would have to be worked out, including the format for the safe-harbor presentation of data, the process for submitting such data, and the procedure for regulatory review. 

Visual presentation of data treatment results can sometimes be misleading if scaling factors are not taken into account. For example, the parabolic bowl shown in Figure 12.19 could be made to look like the ridge in Figure 12.21 if the scaling for... 

Traditional tabular presentation of data for carrying out a 2 full factorial design. 

The presentation of data and the statistical analysis are two critical factors. The inclusion of baseline and final ratings on each patient from a standardized (or even a simple global, semiquantitative) scale, allows for useful comparisons between those on active treatment or placebo. Even if formal analyses are not done, findings from such studies are often useful, and skeptical readers can always perform their own statistics. 

Because methods for the purification of both Cu- and heme-type nitrite reductases have been available for some time, it is possible to ask whether such dissimilatory enzymes produce NO or N2O in the reduction of nitrite in vitro. Experiments addressing this question are not trivial, because of the great chemical reactivity of NO. It is essential to select a reducing system and appropriate conditions such that NO is not reduced chemically to N2O, for otherwise confusion could arise regarding whether NO or N2O was the primaty product of the enzyme reaction. It is remarkable that many repotts on nitrite reductases seem to have ignoted this important consideration in the presentation of data. Several systems... 

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